EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR

ENHANCED
WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH ENERGY
STORAGE 
INTRODUCTION
• Solar Water Heater is a heating device for
producing steam for domestic & industrial
purposes by utilizing solar the solar
energy.

• Modern systems designed for capturing

the sun's energy and transferring it to the
water, either for immediate use or as a
storage medium
 SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES 
   Solar technologies are commonly grouped into three major categories
• Collection
• Storage
• Energy usage
 TYPES OF SOLAR WATER HEATER SYSTEMS

• PASSIVE SYSTEMS
They are much less expensive than their active counterparts and are easier to maintain and repair

• ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Active systems integrate pumps and rotary elements and are therefore very expensive
 PASSIVE SYSTEMS

• Hot water is either stored in the collector itself or is transferred to a storage tank located
above the collectors by means of a thermosyphon.

• They don’t employ pumps to circulate water or collector fluid.

 PASSIVE SYSTEM
• Thermosyphon systems
• Integral collector storage systems
THERMOSYPHON SYSTEM
• As the sun shines on the
collector, the water inside the collector flow-tubes is
heated.

• As it heats up, this water

expands slightly and becomes lighter than the cold water
in the solar storage tank mounted
above the collector.

• It also includes isolation valves, which allow the

solar system to be manually drained in case of
freezing conditions, or to be bypassed completely
 INTEGRAL COLLECTOR STORAGE
(ICS) SYSTEM
• In integral collector storage (ICS) or batch systems, water is heated directly by the sun and
the storage tank serves as the solar collector.
• Batch water heaters are almost always passive systems in which hot water is delivered from
the solar heated tank to a backup tank or the point of use by the water pressure in the house.
• A freeze protection valve installed in the top plumbing near the collector opens to allow
relatively warm water to flow through the collector to prevent freezing
 DIRECT ACTIVE SYSTEMS
• Direct (Open Loop) Active Systems are similar to thermosyphon systems in that they are
direct systems that use a solar collector separate from the storage tank.
• The difference with direct active systems is that they use an electric pump to circulate water
from the storage tank to the collector, and back to the storage tank.
• These systems always require a check valve to prevent reverse thermosyphoning at night
 INDIRECT ACTIVE SYSTEMS
• Glycol antifreeze systems are active, indirect systems with a heat exchanger.
• Freeze resistant propylene glycol is circulated through the solar collector(s) and heat
exchanger, while household water is circulated from the storage tank through the heat
exchanger.
• The household water is heated inside the heat exchanger and then stored inside the tank until
needed.
• Active system whether direct or indirect can be easily retrofitted to already existing water
heaters because the storage tank can be placed at any place unlike thermosyphon systems
which require a storage tank always above the collector
 SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS
• Solar energy collectors work in a similar manner to heat exchangers in that they transform
one form of energy, solar radiation to another in the form of hot water.

TYPES
• Flat Plate Collectors
• Parabolic Concentrating Collectors
• Evacuated Tube Collectors
• Heat Pipe Collector
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS

• Flat plate collectors currently are currently manufactured in two different forms.
• Firstly collectors using liquid with no glazing are manufactured using a black absorbent
polymer coating without an insulated backing.
• The liquid tubes are sometimes welded to the absorbing plate, or they can be manufactured
as part of the plate.
• These tubes are then connected at both ends by large diameter header tubes.
• These collectors also utilize a transparent cover to reduce the convection losses from the
absorber plate by trapping a layer of stagnant air between the absorber plate and the glass
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS

• Parabolic concentrators are rarely used in the European

climate but they are very useful for high temperature
applications from 100-200°C, where the efficiency of the
collector outperforms that of vacuum tube collectors.
• In very hot countries where solar cooling systems are used,
temperatures levels of 150°C or higher are easily achievable
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS
• Evacuated tube collectors are in most cases more efficient
than most flat plate collectors, but as a result of this increased
efficiency are also more costly due to their complex design.
• Due to the absorber being mounted in an evacuated and
pressure-proof glass tube, conductive and convective losses
are minimized increasing efficiency.
• Evacuated tubes work efficiently at low radiation levels with
high absorber temperatures and can provide higher output
temperatures than flat.
 HEAT PIPE COLLECTOR

• The second type of collector utilizes heat pipes inside

vacuum sealed glass tubes with a reflector also used to
further increase the ability to absorb radiation.
• This effect tends to give Evacuated Tube Collectors an
advantage over Flat Plate Collectors in day-long
performance
 SOLAR WATER HEATER
APPLICATIONS
• Space heating and cooling
• Service hot water, air and water systems and heat pumps, industrial process hot steam
generation systems,
• Desalination,
• Thermal power systems, which comprise the parabolic trough, power tower and dish
systems,
• Solar furnaces and
• chemistry applications.
 BLACK PAINT

• Black is the darkest colour, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.
• It is an achromatic colour, literally a colour without hue, likes white (its opposite) and grey.
• It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represents darkness while white represents
light.
• The black body is the perfect absorber of light, but, by a thermodynamic rule, it is also the
best emitter.
COPPER TUBE AND LENS ARRANGEMENT
3D MODEL OF FINAL VIEW OF THE SYSTEM
 SOLAR LENS

• A burning glass or burning lens is a large convex lens that can concentrate the sun’s rays
onto a small area, heating up the area and thus resulting in ignition of the exposed surface.
• Burning mirrors achieve a similar effect by using reflecting surfaces to focus the light.
• They were used in 18th-century chemical studies for burning materials in closed glass
vessels where the products of combustion could be trapped for analysis.
• The burning glass was a useful contrivance in the days before electrical ignition was easily
achieved.
• The diameters of lens are 50mm, 60mm and 75mm and it should be transparent in nature.
 GLASS
• Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread
practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes,
tableware, and optoelectronics.
• The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on
the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz),the primary constituent of sand.
• The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is
familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles.
• Many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a
specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide(SiO2),
sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime
(CaO), and several minor additives.
 COPPER TUBE

• Heat exchangers are devices that transfer heat in order to achieve desired heating or cooling.
• An important design aspect of heat exchanger technology is the selection of appropriate
materials to conduct and transfer heat fast and efficiently.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig.10 Temperature Vs Time with Lens Fig.11 Temperature Vs Time for without Lens
 CONCLUSION
• Renewable energy research has become increasingly important since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol.
• Solar water heating (SWH) is one of the most effective technologies to convert solar energy into thermal energy and is
considered to be a developed and commercialized technology.
• However, there exist opportunities to further improve the system performance to increase its reliability and efficiency. A
concise review primarily on the design features and related technical advancements of the SWH systems in terms of both
energy efficiency and cost effectiveness has been presented.
• Several solar water heating designs have been introduced in the market and are more commonly utilized in the tropical
regions of developing countries.
• Recent developments in heat pipe based solar collector technology exhibit a promising design to utilize solar energy as a
reliable heating source for water heating applications in solar adverse regions.
• Heat pipe based solar water heating is influenced by many factors including the nature of the refrigerant, due to the
environmental concerns.
• Without lens the performance will be lower.
• With lens the efficiency is high compared to conventional method explained experimentally and proved.