AM 108 Engineering Mechanics

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Course Syllabus
Course Syllabus
Course Syllabus
 Course Syllabus

2 Class Test + 2 Assignments

Mid Sem Exam
End Sem Exam
 Classification of Mechanics

Study of geometry of Study of geometry of

motion without reference motion with reference
to the cause of motion to the cause of motion
 Kinetics
In this chapter we will be studying the relationship between
forces on a body/particle and the accompanying motion
Newton’s Second law of motion:
F1 a
Newton’s first and third law of motion were ∑Fx
used extensively in the study of statics (the
F2
bodies at rest) whereas Newton’s second law m
of motion is used extensively in the study of
the kinetics.
∑Fx = ma
“If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have
acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the direction
of this resultant force”

“If the external unbalanced force acts on a body, the momentum of the body
changes. The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force
and takes place in the direction of the motion”
 Kinetics

The constant value obtained for the ratio of the

magnitude of the force and acceleration is
characteristic of the particle and is denoted by ‘m’.
Where ‘m’ is mass of the particle

Since ‘m’ is a +ve scalar, the vectors of force ‘F’and

acceleration ‘a’ have the same direction.
 Kinetics
When the particle is subjected to several forces
simultaneously, we have
Σ F = ma
Where Σ F represents the vector sum or resultant of all
forces acting on the particle.

We observe that if the resultant of forces acting on the

particle is zero (Σ F=0), the acceleration ‘a’ of the
particle is zero.
 Kinetics
u=Initial velocity of particle.
v= Velocity of particle at any instant of time.

If the particle is initially at rest (u= 0) , it will remain at rest

(v=0). If originally moving with velocity u, the particle will
maintain a constant velocity ‘u’ in a straight line. This is
Newton’s First law and is a special case of Second law.

Units
Force in Newtons (N) 1 N = 1 Kgm/s2

Acceleration in m/s2
 Kinetics
Linear Momentum and Rate of Change of Linear Momentum:

´ = 
𝒂
𝒅 𝒗´
  𝒅 ( ´𝒗 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒗´  ∑ 𝑭=𝒎 𝒅𝒕
´

𝒎  ´𝒗
∑ 𝑭
´  =𝒎´𝒂 m
 𝒅 (𝒎 ´𝒗 )
∑ 𝑭= 𝒅𝒕
´

𝒎 ´𝒗 = ´𝑳=𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓
  𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎
𝑳´˙ =𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇  𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 If
  ∑ 𝑭
´
  =𝟎
m1v1 = m2v2

If the resultant force acting on the particle is zero, the linear momentum of the particle remain
constant, both in magnitude and direction this is the “ principle of conservation of
linear momentum”.
 Kinetics
Rectilinear Motion (Rectangular components):
 𝒂
y
F1 𝒂   
∑Fx
¿  m  
x
F2 m ¿  m
∑F ∑F
F3
∑Fy

∑ 𝑭
´  =𝒎´𝒂 ∑Fx = max ∑Fy = may

Curvilinear Motion (Tangential and Normal components):

(t) tangent 𝒅𝒗 𝒗 𝟐
Path of Particle
t
 
 
∑ 𝑭 𝒕 =𝒎 𝒂𝒕 =𝒎 𝒅𝒕 ∑ 𝑭 𝒏 =𝒎  𝒂𝒏=𝒎 𝝆
(ρ) Radius of Curvature
𝒗  The normal or radial acceleration is directed
Particle towards the center of rotation and is termed as
(n) normal
Centre  
n Centripetal acceleration.
 Kinetics
The forces along the normal and tangential directions., likewise may be
termed centripetal and tangential forces respectively.

A force in the reverse direction to the centripetal acceleration is termed as the

centrifugal force

It may be seen that whereas the centripetal acceleration is a reality, the

centrifugal force is just hypothetical.
Hence by definition, the corresponding
inertial force,
Centripetal acceleration =
Centrifugal force =
Where r = radius of the path ,ω =
angular velocity The centrifugal force is the outcome of the
v= linear speed . inertia of the mass resisting change of
motion
 Kinetics
Motion with a Constant speed in a Circular path

W
Velocity V

Radius= r Centrifugal

force =
Centripetal
acceleration Centrifugal

force

Friction force

If the friction is not enough to negate the Centrifugal force,

then the body tends to skid outwards. This friction causes a lot
of wear and tear of tyre too. Therefore ‘Banking’ is provided to
prevent skidding.
 Kinetics
Newton’s second law may also be expressed by
considering a force vector of magnitude ‘ma’ but of
sense opposite to that of the acceleration. This vector is
denoted by (ma)rev. The subscript indicates that the
sense of acceleration has been reversed and is called
the inertia force vector.

It was pointed out by D’Alembert (Alembert, Jean le

Rond d’ (1717-1783), French mathematician and
philosopher) that problems of kinetics can be solved
by using the principles of statics only (the equations of
equilibrium) by considering an inertia force in a
direction directly opposite to the acceleration in
addition to the real forces acting on the system
 Kinetics
D’Alembert’s Principle

EQUATION OF MOTION
(DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM)
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by forces
F1 and F2.
R ma
=
F2 R= ma

F1
By Newton’s Second law of motion we have the resultant
force must be equal to the vector ‘m a’ .
Thus the given force must be equivalent to the vector ma.
 Kinetics

If the inertia force vector is added to the forces acting on

the particle we obtain a system of forces whose resultant
is zero.
F2 R (resultant of F1 and F2)

F1
ma(rev)

The particle may thus be considered to be in equilibrium.

(THIS IS DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM)
 Kinetics
The problem under consideration may be solved by
using the method developed earlier in statics. The
particle is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.

If
ΣFx = 0
ΣFy= 0 including inertia force vector component

ΣFz = 0
This principle is known as D’Alembert’s principle
 Kinetics

D’Alembert’s principle states that

• When different forces act on a system such that it is
in motion with an acceleration in a particular
direction, the vectorial sum of all the forces acting on
the system including the inertia force (‘ma’ taken in
the opposite direction to the direction of the
acceleration) is zero.
 Kinetics
In coplanar force system
y Direction of
motion
F3
F1
m R ma
m ay

x
F2 m
m ax
m = mass of the body
a = acceleration of the mass R – m a =0
ay = component of accn. in y direction OR
ax = component of accn. in x direction ΣFx -max = 0
ΣFy -may = 0
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Work Energy Principle
(i) WORK:-

Work done by a force is the product of the force and the distance moved
by the point of application in the direction of the force. It is a scalar quantity.
 
F S F F
( + ) Work Done
α α Force,
A B Velocity,
F S Displacement
( - ) Work Done
s
Work done = F × cosα × s
α = angle of inclination of force with the direction of motion
S = displacement of force from A to B
Unit: Nm ( Joule )
 Kinetics
(ii) POWER:-

It is defined as the time rate of doing work.

Power = work done /Time= (force × distance) /Time

  = force × velocity

Unit: (Nm)/s [watt]

(kN m)/s [kilo watt]

1 metric H.P=735.75 watts.

iii) Energy:-

It is defined as the capacity to do work. It is a scalar quantity.

 
Unit :- N m (Joule)
 Kinetics
Work-Energy relation for translation
 From Newton’s second law of motion
∑ F =(W/g) × a -----------(1)

Also a = dv/dt =( dv/ds) ×( ds/dt) = v × dv/ds

sub in (1)

∑ F=( W/g ) × v × dv/ds

åF × ds = (W/g ) × v × dv ------------------(2)

Let the initial velocity be u and the final velocity after it moves
through a distance ‘ s’ be v
 Kinetics
Integrating both sides, we get
s v
 F  ds = (W/g)  v dv
0
u
V
 F × s = ( W/g ) v2/2 ]
u

∑ F × s = (W/2g) [v2-u2]

Therefore work done by a system of forces acting on a body while

causing a displacement is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the
body during the displacement.
 Kinetics
Work done by a spring

s
F=k(s)

The force required to cause unit deformation of the spring is called

the spring modulus denoted by the symbol k. The force required to
deform a spring is given by F= ks. Work done by the force on a
spring is the product of the average force and the deformation s.
W= -ks2/2. [ The negative sign indicates that whenever spring is
deformed the force of spring is in the opposite direction of deformation.]
 Kinetics
Conservative Force
If the work of a force in moving a particle between two positions is
independent of the path followed by the particle and can be expressed as a
change in its potential energy, then such forces is called as conservative force.
e.g Weight Force, Spring and elastic force
Non-Conservative Force
The force in which the work is dependent upon the path followed by the
particles is known as non-conservative force.
e.g. Friction and viscous force
Principle of Conservation of Energy
When a particle is moving from position 1 to position 2 under the action
of only conservative forces then by energy conservation principle we say that
the total energy remains constant.
𝟏
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚= 𝒎   𝒗 𝟐 ± 𝒎𝒈𝒉+ 𝟏 𝒌 𝒙 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 Kinetics
1. A 200N block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force required to give the block an
acceleration of 1m/s2 to the right. The coefficient of friction
between the block and the plane is 0.25.

300
200N

ma
N

F=0.25N1

N1
 Kinetics
Solution 1:
Mass of Block m = 200/9.81 = 20.39 kg,
F= μN1 , a= 1m/s

Σ Fy = 0; N1 - Psin30 -200 = 0; N1= 200 + P sin30

ΣFx = m ax.
Pcos 30 – 0.25N1 = 20.39 ( 1)
Pcos30 -0.25(200+Psin30) = 20.39
[0.866-0.125] P -50 =20.39
P = 95 N
 Kinetics
2. A body of weight 2kN is resting on a rough plane
inclined at 120 to the horizontal. It is pulled up the
plane by means of a light flexible rope running parallel
to the plane and passing over a light frictionless pulley
at the top of the plane. The portion of the rope beyond
the pulley hangs vertically down and carries a weight of
1kN at the end. If friction between the body and plane
is 0.2 , find;
• Tension in the rope
• Acceleration with which the body moves up the plane
• Distance moved by the body in 4 secs after starting from rest
 Kinetics
2kN

A T

120 B

1kN

here, acceleration of block A is equal to

acceleration of block B, hence aA=aB
 Kinetics
y
2kN aA ΣFx =0
ma A -2 sin 12 +T-0.2N1-(2/9.81)aA=0
x
T Σ F y= 0
2 cos 12 – N1=0
N1=1.956 N
0.2 N 1
Substitute N1 in eq. 1
120 -0.415 + T – 0.3912 -0.203 aA=0
N1
FBD of A
y Σ Fy = 0 t=4 s, u=0, and a=0.637 m/s 2
T
T – 1 + mB aB=0 Distance traveled s= (½) a t2
mB a B
T – 1 + (1/9.81)aB=0 s=5.096 m
B aB
Solving (1) (2) and (3)
1. T=0.935 kN
2. aA=0.637 m/s2 = aB
FBD of B
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T
2T
1. Direction of motion T T
T
4T T T
∑Fy = may
ab
2T 2T
(+) aa 4T – (7 x 9.81) = 7aa
2T
T
7 x 9.81 4T

(+) ab 4T
- T + (4 x 9.81) = 4ab
aa
2 eq 3 unknowns
n
4 x 9.81
 Kinetics
3rd eqn will be obtained by using kinematic relation
In present case one object (7 kg) is moving up and
another object (4 kg) is moving down, Hence
Work done by internal forces = 0
4Txa – Txb = 0 4xa – xb = 0 T
Differentiating w.r.t. time (t)
4Va – Vb = 0
mb g xb
Differentiating w.r.t. time (t)
4aa – ab = 0 ---------------- (3)
4T – (7 x 9.81) = 7aa -------------------- (1)
Vb
- T + (4 x 9.81) = 4ab ------------------- (2) Va Negative
4T
xa Work
T = 19.34 N, 4T = 77.36 N Positive
aa = 1.241 m/s2 , ab = 4.975 m/s2 Work
mag
 Kinetics

2P 2P

P
 Kinetics
Static Analysis
20 x 9.81
∑Fy = 0
NA – 20 x 9.81 = 0
2P
NA = 196.2 N FBD of A
∑Fx = 0
120 – FA = 0 FA
FA = 120 N NA
For limiting equilibrium condition
Fmax = μsN = 0.5 x 196.2 = 98.1 N
FA is grater than Fmax, Hence there is
relative motion between block A and B 20 x 9.81 aA
Kinetic Analysis
120
∑Fy = may = ; ay = 0 FBD of A
NA – 20 x 9.81 = 0
NA = 196.2 N μ kN A
∑Fx = max NA
120 – μkNA = 20 x aA
a = 1.095 m/s2
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Kinetic Analysis FBD of B
∑Fx = max 100 x 9.81 aB
μkNA = 100 x aB ; μk N A
aB = 1.095 m/s2

Static Analysis (P = 40 N) NB
∑Fy = 0 ; NA – 20 x 9.81 = 0 ; NA = 196.2 N
∑Fx = 0 ; 80 – FA = 0 ; FA = 80 N
FBD of A aA
For limiting equilibrium condition 20 x 9.81 120 x 9.81
Fmax = μsN = 0.5 x 196.2 = 98.1 N 2P =80 a
FA < Fmax, there is no relative motion 2P =80
FA A
between block A and B NA
Kinetic Analysis B
∑Fx = max
80 = 120 x a NB
a = 0.67 m/s2
 Kinetics
Block ‘A’ of weight 50 N is released from rest from the position shown
in figure. Determine the maximum compression of the spring .The
Modulus of spring is 800 N/m and  between block and plane is 0.2.
Also find the maximum velocity of the block.

50N
0.8
m

30º
 Kinetics
Solution : Let ‘s’ mm be the maximum
50×sin30º
compression. The body was at rest and again at rest
when it moves a distance of (800 + s) mm
Apply W.E. principle
800+s F=0.2×43.3 (50 sin 30º – 8.66) (800 + s) – ½×k×s2 = 0
=8.66N (50 sin 30º – 8.66) (800 + s) = ½ × 0.8 × s2
16.34 (800 + s) = 0.4× s2
30º RN=50×cos30º 13072 + 16.34 s = 0.4×s2
50N =43.3N 400s 2
– 16.34 s– 13072 = 0; s = 202.35mm
The velocity will be maximum when dv/dt = 0 and therefore net force acting on the
 
body is zero; when spring force developed balances the force exerted by the body. Let
x be the deformation when the net force on the body in the direction of motion is zero.
kx = W sinθ – F ; 0.8 x = 50 sin 30º – 8.6, x = 20.4mm
Apply W.E principle
(50 Sin 30º – 8.66) (800 + x) – ½ kx2 = [(vmax)2 – 0]
(50 Sin 30º – 8.66) (800 + 20.4) – ½× 0.8× (20.4)2 = 245.25 × (vmax)2
vmax = 2279.23 mm/s=2.28m/s
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Initial Position
Velocity = 0 Position 3
Mass = 1500 kg Velocity = V3
P.E = mgh, K.E = 0 Position 2 Mass = 1500 kg
Velocity = V2 Normal Reaction = 0
Mass = 1500 kg
P.E = 0, K.E = 0.5mv2

ρ=?
 Kinetics
Appling work energy principle
  between 1 and 2

(K. E.)1 + (Gravitational W.D. betn 1 to 2) + (Friction Work) = (K.E)2

0 + 1500(9.81)(15) + 0 = 0.5(1500)()

V2 = 17.155 m/s

Reaction  Force at 2

Car’s own weight = W = mg

Centrifugal Force = man = m
Reaction by the floor at 2 = mg + m
=)
R2 = 103 kN
 Kinetics
Appling work energy principle
  between 1 and 3

(K. E.)1 + (Gravitational W.D. betn 1 to 3) + (Friction Work) = (K.E)3

0 + 1500(9.81)(15 - 3) + 0 = 0.5(1500)()

V3 = 15.344 m/s

Reaction Force
  at 3 = 0
Car’s own weight = W = mg
Centrifugal Force = man = m
Reaction by the floor at 2 = mg - m
0=)
ρ3 = 24 m
 Kinetics
IMPULSE – MOMENTUM
Momentum:-
Quantity of motion possessed by a body is called momentum. It is the
product of mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity.
 
Force,
Unit:- N s. Time,
Velocity,
Impulse of a Force:-
 It is defined as the product of force and the time over which it acts. It
is a vector quantity.
 
Unit:- N s.
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Impulse-momentum relationship
Force = Rate of change of momentum F
 
 
F.dt = m.dv
F =( mv – mu) /t = Force causing impulse 
F×t = mv2 – mv1
 
Impulse = final momentum – Initial momentum
The component of the resultant linear impulse along any direction is
equal to change in the component of momentum in that direction.
Law of Conservation of momentum
The law of conservation of momentum may be stated as ,
“momentum is conserved in a system in which resultant force is zero”.
In other words, in a system if the resultant is zero, Initial momentum is
equal to Final momentum
m1u1+m2u2 = m1v1+m2v2
Kinetics
 Kinetics

0.5 m
0.5 - h

v2 = 0
m1 = 0.01kg (2)
u1 = 100 m/s h
(1)v1 = ?
2.01 x 9.81
m2 = 2 kg
By law of conservation of momentum u2 = 0 m/s By work energy principal
 
Work done = Change in kinetic energy
m1u1 +m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v1 -2.01 x 9.81 x h = 0 – (0.5 x 2.01 x 0.49752)

(0.01x100) + (2x0) = (0.01 + 2) v1 h = 0.0127 m

Velocity of bullet and bob together θ = 12. 94o

 Kinetics
By law of conservation of momentum

m1u1 +m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

0.5 m
(0.01x100) + (2x0) = 0.01x10 + 2 v2 0.5 - h

Velocity of bob
m1 = 0.01kg v=0
v2 = 0.45 m/s
u1 = 100 m/s (2)
v1 = 10 m/s h
By work energy principal
  (1)v2 =
Work done = Change in kinetic energy 2 x 9.81 0.45 m/s
m2 = 2 kg
-2 x 9.81 x h = 0 – (0.5 x 2 x 0.452) u2 = 0 m/s
v2 = ?
h = 0.01032 m

θ = 11. 66o
 Kinetics

Initial Momentum  = Final Momentum

0 = mBvB +mGvG + (mB+mG+mb)vb

x = - 0.107; x = 0.107 m, backward displacement of boat