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1.1NUMBER System

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24 views19 pages

1.1NUMBER System

Uploaded by

Prasenjit Ghosh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

NUMBER SYSTEM

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Data Representation
◦ Representation = Measurement

◦ Most things in the “Real World” actually exist as a single, continuously varying quantity
Mass, Volume, Speed, Pressure, Temperature
◦ Easy to measure by “representing” it using a different thing that varies in the same way
Eg. Pressure as the height of column of mercury or as voltage produced by a pressure
transducer
◦ These are ANALOG measurements
Digital Representation
◦ Convert ANALOG to DIGITAL measurement by using a scale of units
◦ DIGITAL measurements
◦ In units – a set of symbolic values - digits
◦ Values larger than any symbol in the set use sequence of digits Units,
Tens, Hundreds…
◦ Measured in discrete or whole units
◦ Difficult to measure something that is not a multiple of units in size. Eg
Fractions
Analog vs Digital Data Representation
◦ Analog signal uses a continuous range of values that help you to represent information on the
other hand digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to represent information. The analog signal
bandwidth is low while the bandwidth of the digital signal is high.
Why Data Representation?
◦ Computers use digital representation.
◦ Based on a Binary system
(uses on/off states to represent 2 digits).
◦ Many different types of data
– Examples?

◦ ALL data (no matter how complex) must be represented in memory as binary digits ( bits).
Number System and Computers
◦ In early days when there were no means of counting, people use to count with the
help of fingers, stones, sticks, etc.
◦ These methods were not adequate and had many limitations.
◦ Many number system were introduced with the passage of time like:
◦ Decimal Number System
◦ Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Representation: (Number) base
◦ Hexadecimal Number System (123)10

Number Base
Number System and Computers(Contd…)

◦ Computers store all data as binary digits, but we may need to convert this to a number system
we are familiar with.
◦ Computer programs and data are often represented (outside the computer) using octal and
hexadecimal number systems because they are a short hand way of representing binary
numbers.
Number System

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

()10 ()2 ()8 ()16


Decimal Number System
◦ The number system we use on day-to-day basis in the decimal system , which is based on ten
digits: 0 through 9.
◦ As the decimal system is based on ten digits, it is said to be base -10 or radix-10 and also
represented as (Number)10 Eg, (132)10
◦ Outside of specialized requirement such as computing , base-10 numbering system have been
adopted almost universally. The decimal system with which we are fated is a place-value
system, which means that the value of a particular digit depends both on the itself and on its
position within the number.
Binary Number System
◦ The Binary Number System consist of only two digits– 0 and 1.
◦ Since this system use two digits, it has the base 2 and also its represented by (Number) 2 Eg,
(101011)2
◦ All digital computer use this number system and convert the data input from the decimal
format into its binary equivalent.
◦ The Binary number system works the same way as the Decimal system, but has only two
available symbols(0 & 1) rather than ten(0,1,…9)
Bits and Bytes
◦ A single unit of data is called a bit, having a value of 1 or 0.
◦ Computer works with collection of bits, grouping them to represent larger pieces of data, such
as letters of the alphabet.
◦ Eight bits make up one byte. A byte is the amount of memory needed to store one
alphanumeric character.
◦ With one byte computer can represent one of 256 different symbols or character.
Why Binary?
◦ Since the computer is made up of electronic components; it can have only two states, either
◦ On(1)
◦ Off(0)
◦ The data which is given to the computer is converted into binary form because a computer
understand only binary language.
◦ It further converts the binary results into their decimal equivalents for output.
Octal Number System
◦ In the Octal Number System it consist of 8digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 with a base 8 and also
represented as (Number)8 Eg, (26)8
◦ The sequence of octal number goes as 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20,21,
22, …..as go on.
◦ See each successive number after 7 is a combination of two or more unique symbols of octal
system.
Hexadecimal Number System
◦ The Hexadecimal system use base 16 and its represents as (Number) 16 eg, (A15)16
◦ It has 16 possible digit symbol.
◦ It use the digit 0 through 9 plus the letters A, B,C, D, E, and F as the 16 digit symbols.
Relationship between Hex, Dec, Oct, Bin

Note: Each hexadecimal digit


represent a group of four binary
digit. It Is important to remember
that Hex(Abbreviation for
Hexadecimal)digit A through Fare
equivalent to the decimal value10
through 15.
Summery of different Systems
Alphanumeric Representation
◦ Many applications of digital computers require the handling of data that consist not only of
numbers, but also of the letters of the alphabet and certain special characters. An
alphanumeric character set is a set of elements that includes the 10 decimal digits, the 26
letters of the alphabet and a number of special characters, such as $, + , and =. Such a set
contains between 32 and 64 elements (if only uppercase letters are included) or between 64
and 128 (if both uppercase and lowercase letters are included).
◦ In the first case, the binary code will require six bits and in the second case, seven
bits. The standard alphanumeric binary code is the ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange), which uses seven bits to code 128 characters. The
binary code for the uppercase letters, the decimal digits, and a few special
characters is listed in next slide.
◦ Binary codes play an important part in digital computer operations. The codes must be
in binary because registers can only hold binary information. One must realize that
binary codes merely change the symbols, not the meaning of the discrete elements
they represent. The operations specified for digital computers must take into
consideration the meaning of the bits stored in registers so that operations are
performed on operands of the same type. In inspecting the bits of a computer register
at random, one is likely to find that it represents some type of coded information rather
than a binary number.
◦ presents some type of coded information rather than a binary number. Binary codes
can be formulated for any set of discrete elements such as the musical notes and
chess pieces and their positions on the chessboard. Binary codes are also used to
formulate instructions that specify control information for the computer.

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