Additives During Acidization, Sand Control & Fracturing: Presnted by G.S.Krishnakanth

Additives during Acidization,
Sand Control & Fracturing
Presnted by
G.S.Krishnakanth
Acidization…?
 Acidizing refers to the stimulation of a reservoir formation by pumping a solution containing reactive acid
to improve the permeability and enhance production of a well
 Acidizing can be divided in to 2 categories

1. Matrix Acidizing
2. Acid Fracturing
 Matrix Acidizing mostly used in sandstone formations, acid is pumped into a well at low pressures,
dissolving sediments and mud solids, increasing the permeability of the rock, enlarging the natural pores,
and stimulating the flow of oil and gas.
 Acid Fracturing mostly used in carbonate formations, involves pumping acid at higher pressures, but still
lower than those used during fracking. The acids fracture the rock, allowing for the flow of oil and gas.
 Acidizing usually occurs in aging wells that are in the final stages of production. It primarily
uses hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids at highly diluted concentrations, between 1 and 15%
Acid Additives
 An acid additive is any material blended with acid to modify its behavior. Because acid is so
naturally corrosive, the development of an additive to reduce acid attack on steel pipe was the
first requirement for successful acidizing
 Additives like corrosion inhibitors,Surfactants,Iron controlling agents are most commonly used
ones
 Any other additives can be used only when they are tested thoroughly tested for compatibiltiy
of formation fluids and neccesary additives .
Corrosion Inhibitors
 The corrosion inhibitor is a surface-active agent with a unique purpose to protect pipe rather
than to change acid behavior in the formation.
 Corrosion inhibitors do not stop corrosion but they greatly reduce the reaction rate of acid
with steel.
 Inhibitors like 2-Benzoallylalcohol (BAA),2-Benzoyl-1,3 dimetoxy-1-propene(BMP),Phenyl

vinyl ketone (PVK),5-Benzoyl-1,3 – dioxane (BDD) are more oftenly used compounds
 Other additves like Mutual solvents,Clay stabilizers,Acid diverting agents,Calcium sulfate

scale inhibitors,Gelling agents are used as per the conditions
Mutual Solvents
 A mutual solvent is soluble in either oil or water. They improve the solubility of corrosion
inhibitors in the spent acid in the formation and compatibility of inhibitors with emulsion
preventers and other additives.
 Eg: Ethylene Glycol mono butyl ether ( EGME), Methyl alcohol, Iso propyl alcohol
Clay Stabilizers
 Clay minerals or other fines may move in the formation, particularly during water
production. Also, some clays can be dispersed or swell when contacted with fresh water or
low-salinity brines.
 To stabilize the clays, clay stabilizers like Poly quaternary Amines,Poly- Amines and
Cationic surfactants are added.
Calcium lignite surfactants
 When acidizing formations with a high-sulfate-ion content in the formation water (usually
greater than 1,000 ppm) or rock containing anhydrite, it is advisable to include a calcium
sulfate inhibitor in the acid. The inhibitor is usually phosphonic acid, polyacrylate, or other
material.
Gelling Agents
 Acids may be thickened for diversion during acidizing with soluble polymers such as xanthan
or acrylamide polymers.
Acid Diverters
 Diverting agents are best used in acidizing damaged perforations so that acid is distributed
more evenly to all perforations.
 They should ideally be either degradable or partially soluble in produced oil and/or water.
 Eg: Oil slouble resins , wax beads ,Napthalene Flakes,Benzoic Acid, CaCO3 etc
Sand Control
 Conventional well completions in soft formations commonly produce formation sand or fines with
fluids.
 These formations are usually geologically young and shallow, and they have little or no natural
cementation.
 Sand production is unwanted because it can plug wells, erode equipment, and reduce well productivity.
Consequences of Sand Production

1. Accumulation Down Hole
2. Accumulation in Surface Equipment
3. Erosion of Surface & Down Hole Equipment
4. Collapse of the Formation
Sand Control Techniques
 The sand control method selected depends on site-specific conditions, operating practices
and economic considerations.
Latest techniques Used

1. Maintenance and workover
2. Rate exclusion
3. Selective completion practices
4. Plastic consolidation
5. High energy resin placement
6. Resin coated gravel
7. Stand-alone slotted liners or screens
8. Gravel packing
Plastic Consolidation
 Plastic consolidation involves the injection of plastic resins that are attached to the
formation sand grains.
 The resin subsequently hardens and forms a consolidated mass, binding the sand grains
together at their contact points.
 This increases the compressive strength of the formation and withstands the drag forces
during production operartions.
Commercially used Resins

1. Epoxies
2. Furans
3. Phenolics
 Generally , Resins are in liquid form when they enter into formation ,A curing
agent is required for it to harden and set the resin .
 Some curing agents may be “Internal” i.e they are added to resin solution on the surface as
they require time or temperature to harden the resin.
 Some curing agents are “External” i.e they are injected down after resin
is in place.
 The major advantage of internal type is all the resin will be in contact with the curing
agent.
 Draw back of this kind is” premature hardening in the work string”.
 Generally ,Epoxies and Phenolics require Internal or external kind catalysts but Furans
require External kind curing agents.
Fracturing
 Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to stimulate the productivity of a well.
 This is achieved by creating fissures in the formation by pumping pressurised fluid in to
the well .
Action of Fracturing Fluid

1. To create a conductive path from the wellbore extending into the formation.
2. To carry proppant material into the fracture to create a conductive path for produced fluids.
Properties of a Fracturing Fluid
1. Be able to transport the propping agent in the fracture.
2. Be compatible with the formation rock and fluid.
3. Generate enough pressure drop along the fracture to create a wide fracture.
4. Minimize friction pressure losses during injection.
5. Be formulated using chemical additives that are approved by the local environmental
regulations.
6. Exhibit controlled-break to a low-viscosity fluid for cleanup after the treatment.
7. Be cost-effective.
Categories of Fracturing Fluids
1. Viscosified water-based fluids
2. Nonviscosified water-based fluids
3. Gelled oil-based fluids
4. Acid-based fluids
5. Foam fluids
Type of Additive Function performed Typical Products
Biocides Kills Bacteria Glutaraldehyde carbonate
Breakers Reduces fluid Viscosity Acids,oxidisers,Enzyme

Breakers
Buffers Controlls pH levels Sodium bicarbonate ,Fumaric
Acid
Clay Satbilizers Prevents Clay swelling KCl and its substitutes
Diverting agents Diverts flow of fluid Rock salt , Flake Boric acid
Fluid loss Additives Improves fluid Efficiency Diesel , Pariculates , fine sand
Friction reducers Reduces pressure losses due Anionic Polymers

to Friction
Iron Controllers Keeps Iron in the solution Acetic Acid, Citric acid
Surfactants Lowers surface tension Fluro carbons , Non ionic
compounds
Gell Stabilizers Reduces thermal degradation MEOH , Sodium thiosulphate
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Additives during Acidization,

Sand Control & Fracturing

 Acidizing can be divided in to 2 categories

 Inhibitors like 2-Benzoallylalcohol (BAA),2-Benzoyl-1,3 dimetoxy-1-propene(BMP),Phenyl

 Other additves like Mutual solvents,Clay stabilizers,Acid diverting agents,Calcium sulfate

Consequences of Sand Production

Latest techniques Used

Commercially used Resins

agent is required for it to harden and set the resin .

Action of Fracturing Fluid

1. Viscosified water-based fluids

2. Nonviscosified water-based fluids

3. Gelled oil-based fluids

Breakers Reduces fluid Viscosity Acids,oxidisers,Enzyme

Friction reducers Reduces pressure losses due Anionic Polymers

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