Scribd
Upload
58 views20 pages

Discrete Probability Distributions Ppt2

This document provides an overview of discrete probability distributions. It defines discrete random variables as those that can take on countable outcomes and lists examples like dice rolls. The key points made are: - Discrete probability distributions assign a probability to each possible outcome of a random variable and the probabilities must sum to 1. - Common discrete distributions include the binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson distributions. - Examples of calculating probabilities, means, variances, and distribution functions are provided for discrete random variables.

Uploaded by

Pralay Mondal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
58 views20 pages

Discrete Probability Distributions Ppt2

This document provides an overview of discrete probability distributions. It defines discrete random variables as those that can take on countable outcomes and lists examples like dice rolls. The key points made are: - Discrete probability distributions assign a probability to each possible outcome of a random variable and the probabilities must sum to 1. - Common discrete distributions include the binomial, negative binomial, and Poisson distributions. - Examples of calculating probabilities, means, variances, and distribution functions are provided for discrete random variables.

Uploaded by

Pralay Mondal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Discrete Probability Distributions

Pailan College of Management & Technology


It is presented by

Pralay Mondal , Priyashree Dutta , Pratik Jana , Wahida


Nasrin ,Moubani Naskar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We Would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my Bio - Statistics teacher “Mr. Rudra Roy” for their
able guidance and support in completing our presentation.
And special thanks of our team members .

Date Wahida Nasrin [Roll- 10]


Pralay Mondal [Roll- 12]
Priyashree Dutta [Roll-02]
Pratik Jana [Roll-09]
Moubani Naskar [Roll-08]
Probability Distribution:
A probability distribution describes the behavior of a
random variable. Many times the observations obtained
from different random experiments have a general type of
behavior. Therefore, the random variable(s) associated
with these experiments have a general type of probability
distribution. So it can be represented by a single formula.
This type of single formula about the behavior of a
random variable is known as probability distribution.
Random Variables:
A random variable x represents a numerical value
associated with each outcome of a probability distribution.
A random variable is discrete if it has a finite or countable
number of possible outcomes that can be listed.
A random variable is continuous if it has an uncountable
number or possible outcomes, represented by the intervals
on a number line.
Types of Random Variables
There are two types of Random variables
i. Discrete Random variables .
ii. Continuous Random variables.
Discrete random variables have a countable number
of outcomes
 Examples: Dead/alive, treatment/placebo, dice, counts, etc.
Continuous random variables have an infinite
continuum of possible values.
 Examples: blood pressure, weight, the speed of a car, the
real numbers from 1 to 6.
Discrete Probability Distributions
A discrete probability distribution lists each possible value
the random variable can assume, together with its
probability. A probability distribution must satisfy the
following conditions.
 In Words In Symbols 1. The probability of each value of
the discrete random variable is between 0 and 1,
 inclusive- 0 ≤ P (x) ≤ 1
2. The sum of all the probabilities is 1.
Inclusive - ΣP (x) = 1
Constructing a Discrete Probability
Distribution
Guidelines Let x be a discrete random variable with
possible outcomes x1 , x2 , … , xn .
1. Make a frequency distribution for the possible outcomes.
2. Find the sum of the frequencies.
3. Find the probability of each possible outcome by dividing
its frequency by the sum of the frequencies.
4. Check that each probability is between 0 and 1 and that
the sum is 1.
Discrete Probability Distribution:
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable
that arise from some statistical experiments is known as
discrete probability distribution. The following are some
of the commonly discussed discrete distribution:
i. Uniform distribution
ii.Binomial distribution
iii.Negative binomial distribution
iv. Poisson distribution
Discrete Random Variables
Can only assume a countable number of values Examples:
 Roll a die twice Let X be the number of times 4 comes up
(then X could be 0, 1, or 2 times)

 Toss a coin 5 times. Let X be the number of heads (then X


= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)
Experiment: Toss 2 Coins.
Probability mass function (PMF) :
px(Xi)= P(X=xi)=fxi For ∞<x<∞ ∑fxi=1
∑ pX(xi)= 1 p(xi)>0 p(x)=0 for all other X
DISTRIBUTION FANCTION (D.F) :
Fx(X)= P(-∞<X ≤ x)
Ex- 4 possible outcomes X : NUMBER OF HEADS
OUTCOME: HH HT TH TT
X :2 1 1 0
X={0,1,2} DISCRETE
P(-∞<X ≤ 2) = P(X=o)+ P(X=1)+P(X=2)
= ¼+ ½ + ¼ =1
P(-∞<X ≤ 0) = P(X=0)= ¼
P(-∞<X ≤ 1) = P(X=o)+ P(X=1) = ¼ + ½ = ¾
Fx(X)= ¼ x=0
=¾ x=1
=1 x=2
Ex- A discrete random variable X has the following probability mass
function
Values 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
of X ,x
P(x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k² 2k² 7k²+k

i. Find k
ii. Evaluate P (X <6) , P(X≥6) & P(0 <X <5)
iii. Determine the distribution function of X
Solution (i) ∑P(X)=1, we have
 10k²+9k =1
 10k²+9k-1 =0
 (10k-1)(k+1) = 0
 k= 1/10
(ii) P(X <6)= P(X=o)+ P(X=1)+P(X=2)+ P(X=3)+ P(X=4)+P(X=5)
= 0+k+2k+2k+3k+k²
= 8k+k²
= 8.1/10 + (1/10) ² [k=1/10]
= 81/100
P(X≥6) = P(X=6)+ P(X=7)
= 2k²+7k²+k
= 9k²+k
= 9.(1/10)²+1/10 [k=1/10]
= 19/100
P(0 <X <5)= P(X=1)+P(X=2)+ P(X=3)+ P(X=4)
= k+2k+2k+3k
= 8k [k=1/10]
=8/10
= 4/5
(iii ) The distribution function F(x) of X is given below
0 (-∞<x <1)
1/10 (1≤x <2)
3/10 (2≤x <3)
½ (3≤x <4)
F(X) 8/10 (4≤x <5)
81/100 (5≤x <6)
83/100 (6≤x <7)
1 (x≥7)
Expected Value (or mean)
Expected Value (or mean) of a discrete distribution
(Weighted Average)
Let X be a discrete random variable whose distribution is
X : x0 x1 x2 x3 …..… xn
fi : f0 f1 f2 f3 ..……fn
Then the mean value of X , denoted by E(X)
E(X)= x0f0 + x1f1 + x2f2+……xnfn = ∑ xifi
Expected Value (or mean)
EX – Suppose a die is rolled . Let X be the number of
points on the die . Then its values are 1,2,3,4,5,6 .

P(X=i)=1/6 for i= 1,2,3,4,5,6.


so the distribution of X is
X:1 2 3 4 5 6
fi : 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Therefore its expectation ,
E(X)= 1.1/6+2.1/6+3.1/6+4.1/6+5.1/6+6.1/6 = 7/2
Properties of Expectation
i. E(a)= a , where a is a constant
ii. E(aX+b)= aE(X)+b , a being a constant
iii. E(aᴪ(X)+b) = aE(ᴪ(X))+E(b)
Variance and Standard Deviation
The variance of a r.v X , denoted by Var(X) is defined as
Var (X)=E(X²)-{E(X)}²
The positive square root of Var (X) is called the standard
deviation (s.d) of X & is denoted by σ(X) or σX or σ .
Thus σ(x) = +√var(X)
Theorem
i. Var(aX+b)=a²Var(X)
ii. Var(k)= 0 where k is constant
Variance and Standard Deviation
EX – Suppose a die is rolled . Let X be the number of points
on the die . Then its values are 1,2,3,4,5,6 .

P(X=i)=1/6 for i= 1,2,3,4,5,6.


so the distribution of X is
X:1 2 3 4 5 6
fi : 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Therefore its expectation ,
E(X)= 1.1/6+2.1/6+3.1/6+4.1/6+5.1/6+6.1/6 = 7/2
E(X²) = 1².1/6+2².1/6+3².1/6+4².1/6+5².1/6+6².1/6 = 91/6
 Var (X)=E(X²)-{E(X)}² = 91/6 - 49/4 = 35/12=2.91666
 σ(x) = +√var(X) = +√ 35/12 = 1.7078
Thank you

You might also like