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UNIT 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols

This document discusses the language and symbols used in mathematics. It covers expressions versus sentences, unary and binary operations, and some fundamentals of logic. The key topics covered include the nature of mathematics as a language, evaluating mathematical expressions, and recognizing properties of operations like identity, inverses, commutativity, and associativity. Example problems demonstrate working with binary operation tables and using properties of operations to prove statements in algebraic structures like the integers.

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Shina Mae Abellera Barrameda
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129 views85 pages

UNIT 2 Mathematical Language and Symbols

This document discusses the language and symbols used in mathematics. It covers expressions versus sentences, unary and binary operations, and some fundamentals of logic. The key topics covered include the nature of mathematics as a language, evaluating mathematical expressions, and recognizing properties of operations like identity, inverses, commutativity, and associativity. Example problems demonstrate working with binary operation tables and using properties of operations to prove statements in algebraic structures like the integers.

Uploaded by

Shina Mae Abellera Barrameda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND

SYMBOLS

2.1 The Language of Mathematics


2.2 Expressions vs Sentences
2.3 Unary and Binary Operations
2.4 Some Fundamentals of Logic
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions


used in mathematics
2. Explain the nature of mathematics as language;
3. Evaluate mathematical expressions correctly;
4. Recognize that mathematics is a useful language
THE LANGUANGE OF MATHEMATICS 2.1
EXPRESSION VS SENTENCES 2.2
UNARY AND BINARY
2.3
OPERATIONS
UNARY OPERATION
accepts only one value or operand
 
Examples:
1.-5
2.Sin x
3.Cos 45⁰
4.Tan
BINARY OPERATIONS
*take two values, and include the
operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and exponentiation
*An operation is binary if it takes two real numbers as
arguments to produce another real number
Examples:
1.Addition 4+5=9
2.Subtraction 10 – 8 = 2
PROPERTIES OF BINARY
OPERATIONS
PROPERTIES OF BINARY
OPERATIONS CONTINUED
Binary Operation Tables  0 1 2 3
If ° is a binary operation on a finite set S, then we can represent ° in 0 0 1 2 3
1 1 2 3 0
table form, where the entry in row x and column y is the value x ° y.
2 2 3 0 1
Example. Let S = N4 = {0, 1, 2, 3} and let x ° y = (x + y) mod 4. 3
 3 0 1 2
Then the operation table for ° is pictured.
Quiz (1 minute). For the table pictured in the previous example, state whether ° satisfies any
of the following properties: commutative, associative, identity, zero, inverses. 
Answer. Is commutative; is associative; has identity 0; no zero;
has inverses 1 ° 3 = 0, 2 ° 2 = 0, and 0 ° 0 = 0.
Quiz (6 minutes). Let S = {a, b, c} and let ° be a binary operation on S. In each case, find an
operation table for ° that satisfies the given conditions.
1. b is a zero, a is an identity, every element except b has an inverse, and ° is commutative.
Answers.
2. ° is commutative  a b c
(1) associative.
but not (2)  a b c (3)  a b c
a a b c a a b c a a b c
3. ° is associative but not commutative.
b b b b b b b a b a b c
c c b a
 c c a b
 c a b
 c

In (2) we have b ° (b ° c) = b ° a = b and (b ° b) ° c = b ° c = a. So ° is not associative.


In (3) we have x ° y = y for x, y  S. So (x ° y) ° z = z and x ° (y ° z) = x ° z = z for
  
x, y, z  S. So ° is associative.
Using Properties of Operations
Algebras are useful when we apply properties of the operations to solve problems.
Example. Suppose we want to prove the following statement about integers:
x + x = x implies x = 0.
Here is an “equational proof” with reasons in parentheses.
Proof: x =x+0 (0 is identity for +)
= x + (x + –x) (–x is the inverse of x with respect to +)
= (x + x) + –x (+ is associative)
= x + –x (hypothesis)
=0 (–x is the inverse of x with respect to +). QED.
Notice in the example that we used several properties of the algebra Z; 0, +.
Namely, that + has an identity, + is associative, and an inverse exists for every integer.
Quiz (3 minutes). Given the algebra Z; 0, +. Prove the cancellation law:
x + z = y + z implies x = y.
Answer. x = x + 0 (0 is identity for +)
= x + (z + –z) (–z is the inverse of z with respect to +)
= (x + z) + –z (+ is associative)
= (y + z) + –z (hypothesis)
= y + (z + –z) (+ is associative)
=y+0 (–z is the inverse of z with respect to +)
=y (0 is identity for +). QED.
SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC 2.4
PROPOSITIONAL
CONNECTIVES
PROPOSITIONAL
LOGIC

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