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Lecture-9 Transmission Impairment

The document discusses transmission impairment in data communication, including attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to loss of signal strength over distance, distortion changes the signal shape, and noise mixes unwanted signals with the original transmission. The causes and effects of these impairments are explained to understand how they degrade signal quality during analog and digital transmission.

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199 views15 pages

Lecture-9 Transmission Impairment

The document discusses transmission impairment in data communication, including attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation refers to loss of signal strength over distance, distortion changes the signal shape, and noise mixes unwanted signals with the original transmission. The causes and effects of these impairments are explained to understand how they degrade signal quality during analog and digital transmission.

Uploaded by

RIMSHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communication

and Networks
CSC-3091
LECTURE – 9
MS. SOOMAIYA HAMID
In previous lecture you learned: 2

Data Communication and Networks


 Transmission modes of communication.
 Successful communication established.
 Types of communication modes.
After this lecture you will be able to: 3

Data Communication and Networks


 Understand Transmission Impairment.
 Discuss Cause of transmission impairment.
 Understand Attenuation, Distortion, and Noise
Transmission
Impairment
ATTENUATION, DISTORTION, NOISE
Transmission Impairment in Data 5

Communication

Data Communication and Networks


 In communication system, analog signals travel through transmission media,
which tends to deteriorate the quality of analog signal. This imperfection causes
signal impairment.
 This means that received signal is not same as the signal that was send.
 The effect will degrade the signal quality for analog signals and introduce bit
errors for digital signals. 
Causes of impairment 6

Data Communication and Networks


Impairment Causes

Attenuation Distortion Noise


Attenuation 7

Data Communication and Networks


 It means loss of energy.
 The strength of signal decreases with increasing distance which causes loss of
energy in overcoming resistance of medium.
 This is also known as attenuated signal.
 Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which gives the original
signal back.
 Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB).
Attenuation 8

Data Communication and Networks


 The impairment is caused by the strength of signals that degrades with distance over a
transmission link.
 Three factors are related to the attenuation:
 The received signal should have sufficient strength to be intelligently interpreted by a receiver. An
amplifier or a repeater is needed to boost the strength of the signal.
 A signal should be maintained at a level higher than the noise so that error will not be generated.
Again, an amplifier or a repeater can be used.
 Attenuation is an increasing function of frequency, with more attenuation at higher frequency than
at lower frequency. An equalizer can smooth out the effect of attenuation across frequency bands,
and an amplifier can amplify high frequencies more than low frequencies.
Attenuation 9

Data Communication and Networks


 Attenuation(dB) = 10log10(P2/P1)

 P1 is power at sending end and P2 is power at receiving end.


 It measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different
point.
Example

 Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced
to one-half. This means that P2 = 1/2 P1 In this case, the attenuation (loss of
power) can be calculated as
Example

 A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times. This
means that P2= 10P1 In this case, the amplification (gain of power) can be
calculated as
Distortion 12

Data Communication and Networks


 It means change in the shape of signal.
 This is generally seen in composite signals with different frequencies.
 Each frequency component has its own propagation speed travelling through a
medium.
 Every component arrive at different time which leads to delay distortion.
 They have different phases at receiver end from what they had at senders end.
Noise 13

Data Communication and Networks


 The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is called
noise.
 There are several types of noise such as
 induced noise
 crosstalk noise
 thermal noise
 impulse noise
 SNR = AVG SIGNAL POWER / AVG NOISE POWER
Noise 14

Data Communication and Networks


 Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances.
 These devices act as sending antenna and transmission medium act as receiving
antenna. 
 Thermal noise is movement of electrons in wire which creates an extra signal. 
 Crosstalk noise is when one wire affects the other wire. 
 Impulse noise is a signal with high energy that comes from lightning or power
lines. It may corrupt the signal.
References 15

Data Communication and Networks


 Computer Networking Illuminated (Jones and Bartlett Illuminated) 2009 by Diane
Barrett, Todd King
 V. K. Garg and Y.-C. Wamg, “Data Communication Concepts” in The Electrical
Engineering Handbook, Elsevier, ScienceDirect pp. 983–988, Jan. 2005.

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