Chapter 02:

Quadratic Function
SPM Additional Mathematics KSSM
 SUB-TITLE
• 2.1 Finding the roots: Factorization;
Completing the Square and Formula
• 2.2 Forming the equation with given roots:
Expansion or with “SOR and POR”
• 2.3 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations
• 2.4 Sketching graph and solving inequalities
• 2.5 Modification towards quadratic function
and its graph sketching.
 2.1 Finding the roots:
Factorization

• What
  is the general form for quadratic
equation?
EXAMPLE 01
• Rewrite
  each of the following quadratic
equations in the general form.
 What are roots?
• The roots of quadratic equation are the
values of the unknown which satisfy the
quadratic equation. (general form =0)

EXAMPLE 02
 
• Determine whether , and are the roots of
quadratic equation
Solving Quadratic Equation
• Solving means to find all the roots of the
equation.
• Quadratic equation can be solved by
• A) factorization,
• B) completing the square
• C) formula
EXAMPLE 03
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by factorization.
EXAMPLE 04
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by factorization.
EXAMPLE 05
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by factorization.
EXAMPLE 06
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by factorization.
 2.1 Finding the roots:
Completing the square
•  
Steps required:
• 1) Make sure a=1. If not, factorize it.
• 2) ADD and MINUS
• 3) Factorize the first 3 terms.
• 4) Simplify it.
 2
𝑥 − 6 𝑥  +4=0
• Steps
  required:
• 1) Make sure a=1. If not, factorize it.

• 2) ADD and MINUS

 2
𝑥 − 6 𝑥  +4=0
•  3) Factorize the first 3 terms.

• 4) Simplify it.
EXAMPLE 07
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by completing the square.
EXAMPLE 08
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by completing the square.
 2.1 Finding the roots:
Formula
•  The formula is:
EXAMPLE 09
•  Proof this formula:
EXAMPLE 10
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
equations by formula.
EXAMPLE 11
• The
  diagram shows the
right-angled triangle PQR
such that PQ = (x+4) cm,
QR = (x-3) cm and PR =
(x+8) cm.
• A) show that .
• B) find the value of x.
EXAMPLE 12
• The diagram shows
a rectangle ABCD of
length 12 cm and of
breadth 8 cm. The
points P, Q and R lie
on the sides AD, AB
and BC respectively
such that PD= AQ=
BR = x cm.
EXAMPLE 12 con’t
• A)
  If the area of the shaded
region is 76 cm2, show that
• B) Find the values of x correct
to 2 decimal places.
2.2 Forming the equation with
given roots: Expansion
• If given the roots are α and β, then the
quadratic equation will be:
(x-α) (x-β) = 0
EXAMPLE 13
• Form
  a quadratic equation with roots using
method expansion:
• 4 and -5

• -5 only
2.2 Forming the equation with
given roots: “SOR and POR”

• If
  given the roots are α and β, then the
quadratic equation will be:
(x-α) (x-β) = 0
• Then,
• So, SOR is and POR is .
EXAMPLE 14

• Form
  a quadratic equation with roots using
method SOR and POR:
• 4 and -5

• -5 only
•___(1)
 
_________(2)

Comparing both quadratic equations:

SOR, POR,
EXAMPLE 15
• Determine
  the sum and product of roots
for each of the following quadratic
equations:
EXAMPLE 16
• If
  α and β are the roots of the equation ,
form the equations whose roots are :
• 2α and 2β
EXAMPLE 17
• One
  of the roots of the equation is three
times the other. Find the roots and the
value of k.
EXAMPLE 18
• If
  α and β are the roots of the equation ,
form the equations whose roots are :
EXAMPLE 19
• One
  of the roots of the equation is one
third the other. Find the possible values of
h.
 2.3 Types of Roots of
Quadratic Equations

• Types
  of roots are determined by the
values of

• (two different real/distinct roots)

• Types
  of roots are determined by the
values of

• (two equal real roots)

• Types
  of roots are determined by the
values of

• (NO real roots)

EXAMPLE 20
• Determine
  the type of roots for each of the
following quadratic equations.
EXAMPLE 21

• Find
  the values of p if the quadratic
equation has two equal roots.
EXAMPLE 22

• Show
  that the equation has two different
roots if .
EXAMPLE 23

• Find
  the range of values of p if the
quadratic equation has two real and
distinct roots.
EXAMPLE 24

• Find
  the range of values of k if the
quadratic equation has real roots.
EXAMPLE 25

• Find
  the values of m if the straight line is a
tangent to the curve
EXAMPLE 26

• Find
  the range if values of p if the straight
line does not meet the curve .
 2.4.1 Sketching graph
• FIVE (5) steps to follow:
• 1) Identify the a value. Conclusion?
• 2) Identify the max/min point with
Completing the square.
• 3) Identify the type of roots.
• 4) Identify the intercepts.
• 5) Sketch the graph.
 1) Identify the a value.
Conclusion?
•  (general form)

• (Completing form)
2) Identify the max/min point
with Completing the square.
•  (Completing form)
EXAMPLE 27

• Express
  each of the following quadratic
functions in the form Hence, state the
max/min value of the function and the
corresponding value of x.
EXAMPLE 28

• The
  function has a maximum value when
x=-2. Find the value of k and the maximum
value of f(x).
EXAMPLE 29

• The
  function has a maximum value of –p2-
12n, where p and n are constants.
• A) By completing the square, show that
p= 2n – 3.
• B) Hence, find the values of n and the
corresponding values of p if the graph of
the function is symmetrical about x= p2 -9.
EXAMPLE 30

• The
  diagram shows the
graph of the function ,
where a, n and k are
constants. Find the
value of a, of h and of k.
EXAMPLE 31

• The
  function has a minimum value of -15
when x=-3. Find the values of h and of k.
 2.4.1 Sketching graph
• FIVE (5) steps to follow:
• 1) Identify the a value. Conclusion?
• 2) Identify the max/min point with
Completing the square.
• 3) Identify the type of roots.
• 4) Identify the intercepts.
• 5) Sketch the graph.
EXAMPLE 32
• Sketch
  the graph of each of the following
quadratic functions. State the equation of
the axis of symmetry of each graph.
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  

• 1) Identify the a value. Conclusion?

EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  

• 2) Identify the max/min point with

Completing the square.
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  

• 3) Identify the type of roots.

EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  

• 4) Identify the intercepts.

EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  

• 5) Sketch the graph.

EXAMPLE 32 con’t
•  HOW ABOUT THE PART (B)?

• Can you sketch the above function?

EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  
• 1) Identify the a value. Conclusion?
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  
• 2) Identify the max/min point with
Completing the square.
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  
• 3) Identify the type of roots.
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  
• 4) Identify the intercepts.
EXAMPLE 32 con’t

•  
• 5) Sketch the graph.
 2.4.2 Solving Inequalities

• A
  quadratic inequality,
• (or >0 or ≤0 or ≥0), can be solved by using
the graph sketching (Number-line)
method or table method.
graph sketching (Number-
line) method?
table method?
EXAMPLE 33
• Solve
  each of the following quadratic
inequalities.
EXAMPLE 34

• Given
  that , find the ranges of the values
of x that satisfy .
EXAMPLE 35

• Find
  the range of values of m if the
quadratic equation does not have real
roots.
EXAMPLE 36

• The
  straight line intersects the curve at
two distinct points. Find the range of
values of .
EXAMPLE 37
• Find
  the range of values of t if the straight
line does not meet the curve
 2.5 Modification
• What will happen if the constant a, b or c
in general quadratic equation changed?

• What will happen if the function is multiply

with a constant?

• We are going to use the GeoGebra

application for the observation.