Lecture 2 BSE2201 Cooling Load Calculation

BSE2201 Air-Conditioning I
Lecture 2 Cooling Load

Calculation Method
Dr. Wen Tao ([email protected])
Department of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1
Cooling load components
 The air-conditioning system is to maintain the indoor design
conditions which can fulfill the human thermal comfort.
 For example, according to the Code of Practice for Energy
Efficiency of Building Services Installation 2018 (
https://www.emsd.gov.hk/beeo/en/pee/BEC_2018.pdf):
2
 According to the energy balance, the sensible and/or latent
(moisture) heat should be removed or added into the indoor space,
in order to maintain the temperature and humidity to be within the
design range.
 Simply speaking, the cooling load is the sensible and latent
heat which should be removed by the air-conditioning system.
3
Theoretically, the cooling load components
can be classified into several types:
Type 1: The cooling load due to the solar
heat gain through fenestration (such as
window) area.
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨𝒔∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭+𝑨𝒔𝒉∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭𝒔𝒉)∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

: Space sensible cooling load (W)

: Sensible heat gain (W)
: Sunny area on the window glass (m2).
: Shaded area on the window glass (m2).
: Maximum solar heat gain factor for the
sunny area on the window glass of a certain
day (W/m2).
: Maximum solar heat gain factor for the
shaded area on the window glass of a certain
4
day (W/m2).
Type 1: The cooling load due to the solar heat gain through fenestration area (Cont.)
 Regarding the Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF):

 This number (SHGF) represents the heat flux due to the solar radiation through the
reference glass [Double strength (1/8 inch) clear sheet glass].
 The maximum SHGF values for different latitudes, months and orientations have been
obtained and are available in the form of Tables in ASHRAE handbooks.
Month N NE/NW E/W SE/SW S H
Jan 88 140 617 789 696 704
Feb 97 265 704 759 578 808 example, the left
For
Mar 107 404 743 663 398 882 Table (ASHRAE)
shows the
Apr 119 513 719 516 210 899
maximum SHGF
May 142 572 687 404 139 892 values in W/m2 for
Jun 180 589 666 353 134 880 sunlit glass located
Jul 147 565 671 391 140 877 at 22 N latitude for
Aug 123 502 694 496 223 879
different months
and orientations
Sep 112 388 705 639 392 854
(direction a glass is
Oct 100 262 676 735 563 792 facing)
Nov 88 142 606 786 686 699
Dec 84 101 579 790 730 657 5
 The former slide introduces the Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) for the reference glass
(Double strength (1/8 inch) clear sheet glass). So, what about other types of glass?
 For fenestrations other than the reference glass, a Shading
Coefficient (SC) should be multiplied to get the heat flux due to the
solar radiation through a specific type of glass:
 For the reference glass (Double strength (1/8 inch) clear sheet glass): SC=1
 For other types of glasses, we can check the handbooks, manuals,
or manufacturers' catalogue files. The Table below lists some
examples.
 SC=0 indicates a complete block of the irradiation.
6
 In the calculation Equation, we still have one unknown term "CLF"
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨 𝒔 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

 CLF is the Cooling Load Factor. It accounts for the fact that due to the
thermal storage capacity of the building thermal mass, part of the radiant
energy that enters the conditioned space at a particular time does not
become the cooling load instantly. Instead, they are first absorbed by the
internal surfaces (ceiling, floor, internal walls, furniture).
Absorbed by the indoor air Part of the Instant Cooling Load

The radiant
Conducted to the
energy that Absorbed Not a part of
outer surface and
enters the by the the cooling load
lost to the outdoors
space building
thermal Becomes part of the
mass Transferred to Cooling Load for a later
the indoor air time (e.g. at night time)
7
 Therefore, it can be seen that the radiation heat transfer introduces a time
lag and also a decrement factor.
 The CLF values for various surfaces have been calculated as
functions of solar time and orientation and are available in the
form of tables in ASHRAE Handbooks.
Followings are one example of the CLF Table for glass with interior
shading and located in the northern latitudes (ASHRAE):
8
Followings are one example of the CLF Table for glass with interior
shading and located in the northern latitudes (ASHRAE) (Cont.)
 The reason that the CLF is higher than

0 for night-time is due to the release
of the absorbed solar radiation in the
thermal mass to the indoor air in a
later time (time lag effect by the
thermal mass storage) 9
Type 2: The cooling load due to the equivalent conduction
heat gain through fenestration (such as window) area.
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

Where
Af is the fenestration area, unit in m2.
U is the U value of the fenestration,
unit in W/m².K.
 The U value (Overall heat transfer coefficients) was introduced in the Lecture L1.
Followings are some examples of the U values of the window glass, unit in W/m 2.K:
Summer Winter
(outdoor air velocity = 3.33 m/s) (outdoor air velocity = 6.67 m/s)
Thickness
3 mm 5 mm 6 mm 12 mm 3 mm 5 mm 6 mm 12 mm
Single-glazed 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.3 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.6

Reflective - - 4.7 - - - 5.0 -
Double-glazed 6 3.2 3.0 2.9 - 3.1 2.9 2.8 -
mm air space
10
Double-glazed 12 2.8 2.7 2.6 - 2.7 2.6 2.4 -
Type 2: The cooling load due to the equiv. conduction heat gain
through fenestration area (Cont.)
 CLTD is the Cooling Load Temperature Difference (Equivalent concept) between
the outdoor and indoor air by taking the storage effect of thermal mass and the
heating effects of the solar radiation into account, unit in or K.
 For the surfaces which are not sunlit AND have negligible/light thermal
mass, the CLTD is equal or approximated to be Toutdoor,dry bulb - Tindoor,dry bulb
 However, for the sunlit envelope or the envelope with medium/heavy thermal
mass, the CLTD can be checked from the handbooks or manuals (such as
ASHRAE handbooks), with respect to different latitudes, orientations, hour of
the day, day of the year, and different types of thermal masses.
One example of the hourly CLTD of one day for the conduction heat gain
through the window glass, unit in K:
Hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CLTD -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 1 2 4 5
Hour 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CLTD 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 4 3 2 2 1
11
Type 1: The cooling load due to the
solar heat gain through fenestration
(such as window) area.
equiv. conduction heat gain through
fenestration area 𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

 According to these two equations, in order to reduce the sensible

cooling load relating to the fenestration area, the following
solutions can be adopted:
(1) Reduce the fenestration (window)
area: window to wall ratio is
recommended to be < 50%.
(2) Smart window with low SC (good reflection
and shading effects): A reflective coated glass
with SC < 0.3 is preferable in a tropical region.
(3) Reduce the U Value (good insulation

properties): A U value < 2.5 W/m2·K can be
obtained using a multiple glazing glass.
12
Example Question 1: Dire Top view of the floor plan
ctio
n of s N
A multi-storey office building has a glass u nlig
curtain wall structure for the 4 facades. ht
Calculate the space cooling load of a typical 3.5 m high for
floor at 16:00 hour on 21 July, which each floor
comprises the solar and conduction heat gain
through the fenestration area.
Other Parameters Values

design Shading coefficient (SC) for the glass 0.3
details: curtain wall
U-value for the glass curtain wall 4.0 W/m2.K
Max solar heat gain factor (Max_SHGF) for N: 147 W/m2; E: 671 W/m2;
a sunlit glass curtain wall on 21 July: S: 140 W/m2; W: 671 W/m2
Max solar heat gain factor for a shaded 142 W/m2
area (Max_SHGFshad ) on 21 July:
Cooling load factor (CLF) for the glass N: 0.75; E: 0.17; S: 0.35; W: 0.82
curtain wall at 16:00 hours
Cooling load temperature difference 8 ºC for all the four facades
(CLTD) for heat conduction through the
glass curtain wall at 1600 hours on 21 July 13
Solution of Example 1:
 This question should follow the Equations of the Type 1 and the Type 2

(such as window) area.


fenestration area

14
Solution of Example 1:
Type 1: The cooling load due to the solar heat gain through fenestration (such
as window) area.
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨 𝒔 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

Dire Top view of the floor plan

ctio N: 147, 0.75
n of N
su n
lig h
t
3.5 m high for
E: 671, 0.17
W: 671, 0.82 each floor
S: 140, 0.35
15
Solution of Example 1 (cont.):
(1) First check the cooling load of the Type 1 (The cooling load due to
the solar heat gain through fenestration area) for the four facades.
(1.1) For the facade facing North
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑵 =( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑵 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑵 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑵 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉) ∙𝑺𝑪 ∙𝑪𝑳 𝑭 𝑵

As the sunlight is irradiated from the North West direction:

the north façade is completely in the sunny area:
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝒔 ,𝑵 =𝟓𝟎 ×𝟑 . 𝟓=𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎 𝑨 𝒔 𝒉 , 𝑵 = 𝟎 𝒎
From the Question Statement,

we can also get that:

W/m2
W/m2
𝑺𝑪
=𝟎 .𝟑
𝑪𝑳
𝑭 𝑵 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟓
16
(1.2) For the facade facing East
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑬 =( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑬 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑬 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑬 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑬


the east façade is completely in the shaded area:
𝟐
𝑨 𝒔 ,𝑬 =𝟎 𝒎 𝑨 𝒔 𝒉 , 𝑬=𝟑𝟎 ×𝟑 . 𝟓=𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎 𝟐


W/m2
W/m2
𝑺𝑪
=𝟎 .𝟑
𝑪𝑳
𝑭 𝑬 =𝟎 . 𝟏𝟕
17
(1.3) For the facade facing South
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑺 =( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑺 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑺 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑺 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑺


the South façade is completely in the shaded area:
𝑨 𝒔 ,𝑺 =𝟎 𝒎 𝟐 𝑨 𝒔 𝒉 ,𝑺 =𝟓𝟎 ×𝟑 . 𝟓=𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎 𝟐


W/m 2
W/m2
𝑺𝑪
=𝟎 .𝟑
𝑪𝑳
𝑭 𝑺 =𝟎 .𝟑𝟓
18
(1.4) For the facade facing West
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑾 = ( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑾 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑾 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑾 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑾


the north façade is completely in the sunny area:
𝑨 𝒔 ,𝑾 =𝟑𝟎× 𝟑 .𝟓=𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎 𝟐 𝑨 𝒔 𝒉 ,𝑾 =𝟎 𝒎 𝟐


W/m2
W/m2
𝑺𝑪
=𝟎 .𝟑
𝑪𝑳
𝑭 𝑾 =𝟎 .𝟖𝟐
19
Therefore, the total cooling load of the Type 1 (The cooling load due to the
solar heat gain through fenestration area) for the four facades is equal to:
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝒕𝒐𝒕=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝑵+𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝑬+𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝑺+𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓,𝑾=𝟓𝟕𝟖 .𝟏𝟐𝟓+𝟕𝟔𝟎.𝟒𝟏+𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗.𝟐𝟓+𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝟏.𝟗𝟑=𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟖𝟗.𝟕𝟏𝟓𝑾

(2) Thereafter, we can check the cooling load of the Type 2 (The cooling load
due to the equiv. conduction heat gain through fenestration area) for the
four facades.
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

According to the question statement, we know that:

𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫=𝟖 ℃ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒔
U value for the glass curtain wall = 4 W/m2.K
𝑨 𝟐 𝟐
𝒇 = ( 𝟓𝟎+𝟑𝟎 ) × 𝟐× 𝟑 .𝟓 𝒎 =𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒎
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫=𝟓𝟔𝟎 ×𝟒 ×𝟖=𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝑾

20
Therefore,
the sum of the cooling load resulting from
Type 1 and Type 2
21
equivalent conduction heat gain
through external roofs/walls/floors.
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 ∙ 𝑼 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

A is the heat transfer area of the

envelope, unit in m2.
U is the U value of the envelope, unit in W/m².K.

CLTD is the Cooling Load Temperature Difference (Equivalent concept) between
the outdoor and indoor air by taking the heating effects of the solar radiation
and the storage effect of thermal mass into account, unit in or K.
 For the external surfaces which are not sunlit AND have negligible/light thermal
mass, the CLTD is equal or approximated to be Toutdoor,dry bulb - Tindoor,dry bulb
 However, if the impact of the solar radiation or the thermal mass should be
considered, the CLTD can be checked from the handbooks or manuals (such as
ASHRAE handbooks), with respect to different latitudes, orientations, hour of
the day, day of the year, and different types of thermal masses.
 For the floor surface above the ground soils, the CLTD is equal or
approximated to be Tground - Tindoor,dry bulb
22
Type 3: The cooling load due to the equiv. conduction heat
gain through external roofs, walls, and floors (Cont.)
 ASHRAE defines a reference case for the calculation of the CLTD for
a flat roof and two external walls.
The basic information of the roof and the external walls.
Roof External wall A External wall B
Asphalt rolling Stucco Stucco
101.6 mm high-weight concrete 101.6 mm h.w. concrete 101.6 mm h.w. concrete
50.8 mm insulation 25.4 mm insulation
19 mm plastering 19 mm plastering
U = 0.681 W/m2·K U = 1.136 W/m2·K U = 3.321 W/m2·K
 Dark surface: absorptivity α= 1; Indoor temperature = 25.5°C

 Outdoor maximum temperature = 35°C, with a daily mean of 29.4°C and a daily range of
11.6°C
 Solar radiation (clear sky) typical of a surface located at 40°N on 21st July
 Surface resistance: outdoor Ro = 0.059 m2·K/W; indoor Ri = 0.121 m2·K/W
 It is assumed that no exhaust system is present in the ceiling plenum and the air handling
system is operated continuously.
The CLTD of these 3 envelopes on Jul 21st are

listed in the following slides.
23
Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) for a flat roof and two
external walls as described in the former slide
External wall A External wall B
Ro
Hour N S S N N S S N
of N E S W N E S W
E E W W E E W W
1 14 8 9 11 11 11 15 17 14 7 7 8 8 8 12 14 11
2 12 7 8 10 10 10 14 15 12 6 6 7 7 7 10 12 9
3 10 7 7 8 9 8 12 13 11 5 5 6 6 6 8 10 8
4 8 6 6 7 7 7 10 12 9 4 4 5 5 5 7 8 6
5 7 5 5 6 6 6 9 10 8 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6
6 5 4 5 5 5 5 8 9 7 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 4
7 4 3 4 5 5 4 6 7 6 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 3
8 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 6 5 2 5 6 4 2 3 3 3
9 6 3 6 7 5 3 5 5 4 3 8 10 7 2 3 3 3
10 8 3 8 10 7 3 4 5 4 3 11 15 10 3 3 4 3
11 11 4 10 13 10 4 4 5 4 4 13 18 14 5 4 4 4
12 15 4 11 15 12 5 5 5 4 5 14 20 17 7 5 5 5
24
Cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) for a flat roof and two
external walls as described in the former slide (Cont.)
External wall A External wall B

Ro
Hour N S S N N S S N
of N E S W N E S W
E E W W E E W W
13 18 5 12 17 14 7 5 6 5 6 14 21 19 10 7 6 6
14 22 6 13 18 16 9 7 6 6 7 14 21 20 14 10 8 7
15 25 6 13 18 17 11 9 8 7 8 14 20 20 16 14 11 9
16 28 7 13 18 18 13 12 10 8 10 14 19 20 18 18 15 11
17 29 8 14 18 18 15 15 12 10 10 15 18 19 19 21 20 14
18 30 9 14 18 18 16 18 17 12 11 14 18 18 18 24 24 18
19 29 10 14 17 17 16 20 10 15 12 14 17 17 17 25 27 21
20 27 11 13 17 17 16 21 11 17 12 13 15 16 16 24 27 21
21 24 11 13 16 16 15 21 12 18 11 12 14 14 14 22 25 20
22 21 10 12 15 15 14 20 11 17 10 11 12 13 13 19 22 18
23 19 10 11 13 14 13 19 11 16 9 9 11 11 11 17 19 15
24 16 9 10 12 12 12 17 19 15 8 8 9 10 10 14 16 13
25
gain through external roofs, walls, and floors (Cont.)
 For different latitudes, months, and indoor/outdoor conditions,
corrections for the CLTD are needed:
𝑪𝑳𝑻
𝑫 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 =[ ( 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫+ 𝑳𝑴 ) 𝑲 + ( 𝟐𝟓 . 𝟓 −𝒕 𝒓 ) + ( 𝒕 𝒐𝒎 −𝟐𝟗 . 𝟒 ) 𝒇 ]
 CLTD can follow the former Tables.
 where tr = indoor temperature (°C),
tom = outdoor daily mean temperature (°C)
 LM is the latitude-month correction, with respect to different latitudes,
months and envelope orientations. The Table below shows one example of
the LM values for the latitude of 24 N:
26
gain through roofs, walls, and floors (Cont.)
𝑪𝑳𝑻 𝑫 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 =[ ( 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫 + 𝑳𝑴 ) 𝑲 + ( 𝟐𝟓 . 𝟓 −𝒕 𝒓 ) + ( 𝒕 𝒐𝒎 −𝟐𝟗 . 𝟒 ) 𝒇 ]

 K is a colour factor, 1 for
dark color, 0.85 for
medium color and 0.65
for light color.
 The factor f accounts

for the exhaust system
in the ceiling plenum.
27
Type 4: The cooling
load due to the heat
gain from the
adjacent rooms via
the partition
wall/floor/ceiling
 When a conditioned space is adjacent to a room (via the partition

wall/floor/ceiling) and the temperature difference between the two rooms
exceeds 2 , then the rate of heat transfer is:
𝑸
˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 ∙ 𝑼 ∙ ( 𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒋 − 𝒕 𝒓 )
where A is the area of the partition
wall/floor/ceiling (m2);
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient of
the partition wall/floor/ceiling (W/m2·K);
tadj is the daily mean temperature of the
adjacent area (°C). 28
Type 5: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the occupants
 Humans release both sensible heat

and latent heat to the conditioned
space where they are staying.
 Space sensible cooling load for people
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑭

is the sensible heat gain of the occupants (Table on next slides).
CLF is the cooling load factor of the people due to the thermal storage effect of the
building thermal mass (Table on next slides). [The decrement and time-lag effect]
 Space latent cooling load for people The latent heat gain is considered to
be the instantaneous space latent
𝑸˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑳 =𝑸
˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 load resulting from the water vapour
released from humansNo CLF in
the Equation
29
Type 5: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the occupants (Cont.)
 Sensible and latent heat gain of an occupant engaged in various activities
Sensible heat Latent heat

Activity at a space temperature of 25.5°C Total heat (W)
(W) (W)
Seated, at rest 100 60 40
Seated, very light work, writing 120 65 55
Seated, eating 170 75 95
Seated, light work, typing 150 75 75
Standing, light work or walking slowly 185 90 95
Light bench work 230 100 130
Light machine work 305 100 205
Heavy work 470 165 305
Moderate dancing 375 120 255
Atheletics 525 185 340
30
Type 5: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the occupants (Cont.)
 CLF is the cooling load factor of the people due to the thermal storage effect of
the building thermal mass.
CLF of people is a function with respect to the number of hours since the entry
and the total hours of staying in space.
The
decrement
and time-
lag effect
Time-lag effect:
the CLF can still
be >0 when the
people are no
longer in the
space.
31
(Cont.)
 Special cases of CLF=1 for the occupants:
(1) Occupation of the space for continuous of 24
hours in each day (not so common)
OR (2) the cooling is off at night or during weekends
OR (3) for auditorium, theater or when people
density is high such as more than 100 people/90 m2
32
Type 6: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the electric lights
 The cooling load due to the heat gain

from the electric lights can be
calculated by the following Equation:
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 , 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

Where is the sensible heat gain from the
electric lights, which can be calculated by the
following equation:
𝑸
˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ,𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 =𝑾 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 ∙ 𝑭 𝒖𝒔𝒆 ∙ 𝑭 𝒂𝒍 ∙ ( 𝟏 − 𝑭 𝒗𝒆𝒏 )

Winstall is the total installed rated power of the electric lights in the space, unit in W.
Fuse is the usage factor: the ratio of the actual light power in use to the total installed
light power: e.g. 0.4 means 40% of the total installed light is in use (others are not in
use).
Fal is the allowance factor introduced for the fluorescent light which may require
higher power input than the rated power, varying from 1.18 to 1.30.
33
Type 6: The cooling load due to the heat
gain from the electric lights (Cont.)
Fven is the heat removal factor for the electric
lights employing mechanically ventilated systems
to remove part of the heat released from the
electric lights to the outside.
CLF: Cooling Load Factor of the electric lighting
 The decrement and time-lag effect also resulting from the

thermal storage effect of the building thermal masses.
 The CLF for electric lighting is a

function of the number of hours
after the lights are turned on, type
of lighting fixtures and the hours of
operation of the lights. 
Available in the form of tables in
ASHRAE handbooks.
34
Type 6: The cooling load due to the heat gain from
 One example of the CLF of the lights: the electric lights (Cont.)
Number of hours after the lights are turned on
the hours of operation of the lights
The decrement and time-lag effect also resulting from the

thermal storage effect of the building thermal masses.
 Special cases of CLF=1 for electric lighting:
(1) the lighting is in continuous operation for 24
hours in each day
OR (2) the cooling is off at night or during weekends. 35
Type 7: The cooling load due to the sensible heat gain from
equipment and appliances
 The cooling load due to the heat gain from
equipment and appliances can be
calculated by the following Equation:
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒆𝒖𝒊𝒑 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑭

Where is the sensible heat gain from the
equipment and appliances, which can be
calculated by the following equation:
𝑸
˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ,𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑 =𝑾 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 ∙ 𝑭 𝒖𝒔𝒆

Winstall is the total installed rated power of the

equipment and appliances in the space, unit in W.
Fuse is the usage factor: the ratio of the
actual equipment and appliance power in
use to the total installed power.
36
Type 7: The cooling load due to the sensible heat gain from
equipment and appliances (Cont.)
CLF: Cooling Load Factor of the The decrement and time-lag

electric equipment and appliances effect also resulting from the
due to the thermal storage effect of thermal storage effect of the
the building thermal masses. building thermal masses.
 The CLF values are available in the form of

tables in ASHARE handbooks.
 Special cases of CLF=1 for the equipment and appliances:
(1) For the equipment such as computers,

printers etc, CLF=1.0, as the radiative heat
transfer from these equipment is generally
negligible due to smaller operating temperatures.
OR (2) the equipment/appliances in continuous
operation of 24 hours in each day.
OR (3) the cooling is off at night or during the
weekends.
37
Type 8: The cooling load due to the infiltration 38
 It is the uncontrolled flow of air through the cracks and openings of a

building envelope as a result of the pressure difference across the envelope.
 Space sensible cooling load due to the
infiltrated air (W)
𝑸˙ 𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑽˙ 𝒊𝒇 𝝆𝒐 𝒄 𝒑 ( 𝒕 𝒐 − 𝒕 𝒓 )

 Space latent cooling load due to the

infiltrated air (W)
𝑸˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑳 =𝑽˙ 𝒊𝒇 𝝆𝒐 ( 𝒘 𝒐 −𝒘 𝒓 ) 𝒉 𝒇𝒈 ,𝒐

is the volume flow rate of the infiltrated air, unit in m3/s
is the density of air, unit in [kg/m3], around 1.2 kg/m3 under 15-30 ºC and 1 atm . For detailed
value, please check the Engineering Table.
is the specific heat capacity of air, unit in [J/kg.K], 1000 J/kg.K under 25 ºC and 1 atm. For
detailed value, please check the Engineering Table.
is the dry bulb temperature of the outdoor air, unit in ºC
is the dry bulb temperature of the room air, unit in ºC
is the absolute humidity ratio of the outdoor air, unit in kg/kg dry air.
is the absolute humidity ratio of the room air, unit in kg/kg dry air.
is the latent heat of evaporation per unit mass of vapor, h fg = 2400 kJ/kg = 2.4 x 106 J/kg.
The difference between the heat gain, cooling load, and the
heat extraction rate (by the air-conditioning system)
Convective heat &

part of the radiant heat
Instant load
radiant heat
Cooling Cooling
Part of the
load>Heat load<Heat
Delayed load (Time lag) Extraction Extraction
rate rate
Swing of air
temperature
Conduct to the outdoor through the envelopes
39
Example Question 2
An office room has a vertical window and an exposed wall, both of
which are facing west. The gross area of the window is 7 m2, and
the area of the exposed wall is 8 m2. There are 3 office workers in
this room, and the actual electrical power input to the fluorescent
lights has a total magnitude of 800 W. The actual electric power
input to the computers inside the room has a total magnitude of
240 W. Except computers, no other equipment or appliance is in
the room.
The rest 3 walls of the room are all partition walls, each of which
has an area of 15 m2. The areas of the ceiling and floor are both at
15 m2, too. It is assumed that there are negligible heat gains
through the ceilings or floors. Other information and design data
are listed in the following slides.
In this question, the cooling load due to infiltration can be neglected.
Please calculate the sensible and latent space cooling loads at 14:00 on
July 21st for this office room, if the space air temperature is maintained
constant for continuous of 24 hours in each day.
40
Parameters Values
Window
Window U
U value
value 5
5 W/m
W/m2.K
2
.K
Shading
Shading coefficient
coefficient (SC)
(SC) 0.55
0.55
Maximum solar heat gain factor (MAX_SHGF) for the 672 W/m22
Maximum
sunny areasolar heat
of the gain factor
west-facing (MAX_SHGF)
window on July for
21stthe 672 W/m
sunny area of the west-facing window on July 21st
Maximum solar heat gain factor (MAX_SHGFsh) for 140 W/m2
Maximum
the shadedsolar
areaheat gain21factor
on July st (MAX_SHGFsh) for 140 W/m2
External the shaded
Colour area on
of outside July 21st
surface Dark
Wall
External Colour
U valueof outside surface Dark
1.5 W/m2.K
Wall
Occupants U
Heat gain of each office worker
value Sensible:
1.5 W/m265 .K W
Latent: 55 W
Occupants Heat gain of each office worker Sensible: 65 W
Adjacent U value 3 W/m 55
Latent:
2
.K W
Walls Air temperature differences between the two 5
Adjacent U value rooms
adjacent 3 W/m2.K
Walls
41
Tables for sunlit areas of the windows, CLF and CLTD
　 Time (hr) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sunlit area (m2) 0 3 5 6.5 7 7 7 0
Window CLF for window 0.17 0.31 0.53 0.72 0.82 0.81 0.61 0.16
　 CLTD for
　 window (K) 5 7 7 8 7 6 6 5
External CLTD for wall
Wall (K) 15 14 14 14 15 17 19 22
CLF for lights
Lights (Note 1) 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.25 0.22
CLF for
occupants (Note
Occupants 1) 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.42 0.34
Note 1: Space air temperature is maintained constant in 24 hour period.
42
Solution for the example question 2
 At 14:00, the cooling load includes the following components:
Type 1: The cooling load due to the solar heat gain through fenestration
(such as window) area
𝑾 𝟐 𝟐 𝑾

( 𝟐
)
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟏=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨𝒔∙ 𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭+𝑨𝒔𝒉∙ 𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭𝒔𝒉)∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭= 𝟓𝒎 ∙𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝟐 +(𝟕𝒎 −𝟓𝒎 )∙𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟐 ∙𝟎.𝟓𝟓∙𝟎.𝟓𝟑=𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏.𝟎𝟔𝑾
𝒎 𝒎
Type 2: The cooling load due to the equiv. conduction heat gain through
fenestration area
˙ 𝟐 𝑾
𝑸 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝑨 𝒇 ∙ 𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫= 𝟕 𝒎 ∙𝟓 𝟐
∙ 𝟕 𝑲 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑾
𝒎 𝑲
43
Type 3: The cooling load due to the equivalent conduction heat gain
through the external wall.
𝟐 𝑾
𝑸 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟑 =𝑨 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫 =𝟖 𝒎 ∙ 𝟏 .𝟓 𝟐 ∙𝟏𝟒 𝑲=𝟏𝟔𝟖𝑾
˙
𝒎 𝑲
Type 4: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the adjacent rooms
via the partition walls

𝟐 𝑾
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟒=𝑨∙𝑼 ∙ ( 𝒕𝒂𝒅𝒋 −𝒕 𝒓 )=( 𝟑×𝟏𝟓𝒎 ) ×𝟑 𝟐 ×𝟓 𝑲=𝟔𝟕𝟓𝑾
𝒎𝑲
44
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟓=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=(𝟔𝟓×𝟑𝑾 ) ×𝟎.𝟖𝟑=𝟏𝟔𝟏.𝟖𝟓𝑾

 Space latent cooling load for people
𝑸˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟓= 𝑸˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 =𝟑×𝟓𝟓𝑾=𝟏𝟔𝟓𝑾

45
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟔=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑾×𝟎.𝟖𝟒=𝟔𝟕𝟐𝑾

Type 7: The cooling load due to the sensible heat gain from equipment and
appliances
For the equipment such as
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟕=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒆𝒖𝒊𝒑 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑾×𝟏=𝟐𝟒𝟎𝑾

computers, printers etc,
CLF=1.0, as the radiative
heat transfer from these
equipment is generally
negligible due to smaller
operating temperatures.
Type 8: The cooling load due to the infiltration
The cooling load due to the infiltration is negligible in this question.
46
 Therefore, at 14:00, the total sensible and latent cooling
loads can be calculated as follows:
Sensible CL [W] Latent CL [W]

Type 1 1061.06
Type 2 245
Type 3 168
Type 4 675
Type 5 161.85 165
Type 6 672
Type 7 240
Type 8 0
Sum 3222.91 165
47
Continuous Question of the Example Question 2:
If the infiltration is 0.2 ACH (Air change rate per hour), what is the
total sensible and latent cooling loads at 14:00?
It is assumed that at 14:00, the indoor and outdoor air has the
following conditions:
Indoor Outdoor
Dry bulb air 25.5 30
temperature (C)
Absolute humidity 10.23 18.87
ratio (g/kg dry air)
48
Review for the Type 8: The cooling load due to the infiltration 49
 It is the uncontrolled flow of air through the cracks and openings of a

building envelope as a result of the pressure difference across the envelope.
infiltrated air (W)

 Space latent cooling load due to the

infiltrated air (W)
𝑸˙ 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑳 =𝑽˙ 𝒊𝒇 𝝆𝒐 ( 𝒘 𝒐 −𝒘 𝒓 ) 𝒉 𝒇𝒈 ,𝒐

is the volume flow rate of the infiltrated air, unit in m3/s
is the density of air, unit in [kg/m3], around 1.2 kg/m3 under 15-30 ºC and 1 atm . For detailed
value, please check the Engineering Table.
is the specific heat capacity of air, unit in [J/kg.K], 1000 J/kg.K under 25 ºC and 1 atm. For
detailed value, please check the Engineering Table.
is the dry bulb temperature of the outdoor air, unit in ºC
is the dry bulb temperature of the room air, unit in ºC
is the absolute humidity ratio of the outdoor air, unit in kg/kg dry air.
is the absolute humidity ratio of the room air, unit in kg/kg dry air.
is the latent heat of evaporation per unit mass of vapor, h fg = 2400 kJ/kg = 2.4 x 106 J/kg.
Solution
infiltrated air (W)

kg/m3 𝒕 𝒐=𝟑𝟎 ℃
J/kg.K 𝒕 𝒓=𝟐𝟓 . 𝟓 ℃
According to the question statement:
All the 6 surfaces have the Cubic with a length

same area of 15 m2. of
Therefore, the volume of the room is

Infiltration rate = Air flow rate/total volume of room
Infiltration rate = 0.2 ACH
m3/s
50
Correspondingly, the space sensible cooling load due
to the infiltrated air (W) is:
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑽˙ 𝒊𝒇 𝝆𝒐 𝒄𝒑 (𝒕𝒐−𝒕𝒓 )=𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟖×𝟏. 𝟐×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×(𝟑𝟎−𝟐𝟓. 𝟓)=𝟏𝟕.𝟒𝟑𝑾

Pay attention
to the SI unit
 Space latent cooling load due to the during the
infiltrated air (W) calculation

−𝟑 −𝟑 𝟔
˙𝑸𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑪𝑳=𝑽˙ 𝒊𝒇 𝝆𝒐(𝒘𝒐−𝒘𝒓)𝒉𝒇𝒈,𝒐=𝟎.𝟎 𝟑𝟐 𝟖×𝟏.𝟐×(𝟏𝟖.𝟖𝟕×𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎.𝟐𝟑×𝟏𝟎 )×𝟐.𝟒×𝟏𝟎 =𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝑾
51

Type 1 1061.06
Type 2 245
Type 3 168
Type 4 675
Type 5 161.85 165
Type 6 672
Type 7 240
Type 8 17.43 80.32
Sum 3222.91+17.43=3240.34 165+80.32=245.32
52
Tutorial question
53
Based on the Example Question 2 and assume that the
infiltration is negligible, please calculate the following
questions:
(1) If the space air temperature is maintained

constant for continuous of 24 hours in each day,
please calculate the maximum space cooling load
on July 21st.
(2) If the air-conditioning plant is shut down during

night-time and weekend, please calculate the
maximum space cooling load on Jul 21st.
54
Parameters Values
Window
Window U
U value
value 5
5 W/m
W/m2.K
2
.K
Shading
Shading coefficient
coefficient (SC)
(SC) 0.55
0.55
Maximum solar heat gain factor (MAX_SHGF) for the 672 W/m22
Maximum
sunny areasolar heat
of the gain factor
west-facing (MAX_SHGF)
window on July for
21stthe 672 W/m
sunny area of the west-facing window on July 21st
Maximum solar heat gain factor (MAX_SHGFsh) for 140 W/m2
Maximum
the shadedsolar
areaheat gain21factor
on July st (MAX_SHGFsh) for 140 W/m2
External the shaded
Colour area on
of outside July 21st
surface Dark
Wall
External Colour
U valueof outside surface Dark
1.5 W/m2.K
Wall
Occupants U
Heat gain of each office worker
value Sensible:
1.5 W/m265 .K W
Latent: 55 W
Occupants Heat gain of each office worker Sensible: 65 W
Adjacent U value 3 W/m 55
Latent:
2
.K W
Walls Air temperature differences between the two 5
Adjacent U value rooms
adjacent 3 W/m2.K
Walls
55
　 Time (hr) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sunlit area (m2) 0 3 5 6.5 7 7 7 0
　 CLTD for
　 window (K) 5 7 7 8 7 6 6 5
Wall (K) 15 14 14 14 15 17 19 22
CLF for lights
Lights (Note 1) 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.25 0.22
CLF for
occupants (Note
Occupants 1) 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.42 0.34
Note 1: Space air temperature is maintained constant in 24 hour period.
56
Solution for the example question 1, take 16:00 as an example:
 At 16:00, the cooling load includes the following components:
Type 1: The cooling load due to the solar heat gain through fenestration
(such as window) area
𝑾 𝟐 𝟐 𝑾

( 𝟐
)
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟏=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨𝒔∙ 𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭+𝑨𝒔𝒉∙ 𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭𝒔𝒉)∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭= 𝟕𝒎 ∙𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝟐+(𝟕𝒎 −𝟕𝒎 )∙𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟐 ∙𝟎.𝟓𝟓∙𝟎.𝟖𝟐=𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟏.𝟓𝟎𝟒𝑾
𝒎 𝒎
Type 2: The cooling load due to the equiv. conduction heat gain through
fenestration area
˙ 𝟐 𝑾
𝑸 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟐 = 𝑨 𝒇 ∙ 𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫= 𝟕 𝒎 ∙𝟓 𝟐
∙ 𝟕 𝑲 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝑾
𝒎 𝑲
57
Type 3: The cooling load due to the equivalent conduction heat gain
through the external wall.
𝟐 𝑾
𝑸 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟑 =𝑨 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫 =𝟖 𝒎 ∙ 𝟏 .𝟓 𝟐 ∙𝟏 𝟓 𝑲 =𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑾
˙
𝒎 𝑲
Type 4: The cooling load due to the heat gain from the adjacent rooms
via the partition walls

𝟐 𝑾
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝟒=𝑨∙𝑼 ∙ ( 𝒕𝒂𝒅𝒋 −𝒕 𝒓 )=( 𝟑×𝟏𝟓𝒎 ) ×𝟑 𝟐 ×𝟓 𝑲=𝟔𝟕𝟓𝑾
𝒎𝑲
58
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟓=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=(𝟔𝟓×𝟑𝑾 ) ×𝟎.𝟖𝟕=𝟏𝟔𝟗.𝟔𝟓𝑾


59
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟔=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑾×𝟎.𝟖𝟕=𝟔𝟗𝟔𝑾

appliances

The cooling load due to the infiltration is negligible in this question.
60

Type 1 2121.504
Type 2 245
Type 3 180
Type 4 675
Type 5 169.65 165
Type 6 696
Type 7 240
Type 8 0
Sum 4327.154 165
61
 For the cooling load at other hour, the calculation procedure is all the same
expect the factors shown in Slide 56. By calculating the cooling load one by one,
we can get the table in the following slide.
 Generally, the cooling load has an increment in the morning and reaches at the
highest level in the afternoon (maybe between 2:00 pm to 6:00 pm). Then, it will
gradually decreases to a low level, which is closely related with the intensity of
solar radiation. As a result, to determine the maximum cooling load, we only
calculate the values from 12:00 to 19:00 rather than the whole day.
62
Solution of the tutorial question:
 (1) If the space air temperature is maintained constant during 24 hour period:
The 8 components of the cooling load can be calculated for each hour, as listed in the
following two Tables for the sensible and latent loads:
Table for the Sensible Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
　 Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL
(such as window) area 91.63 439.208 1061.06 1757.448 2121.504 2095.632 1578.192 86.24
fenestration area 175 245 245 280 245 210 210 175
through the external wall. 180 168 168 168 180 204 228 264
heat gain from the adjacent rooms via
the partition walls 675 675 675 675 675 675 675 675
heat gain from the occupants 150.15 156 161.85 165.75 169.65 173.55 81.9 66.3
heat gain from the electric lights 648 664 672 688 696 712 200 176
sensible heat gain from equipment
and appliances 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
infiltration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sum of Sens CL (W) 2159.78 2587.208 3222.91 3974.198 4327.154 4310.182 3213.092 1682.54
63
Table for the Latent Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Latent Latent Latent Latent Latent Latent Latent
　 Latent CL CL CL CL CL CL CL CL
Type 1: The cooling load due to
the solar heat gain through
fenestration (such as window)
area 　　　　　　　　
the equiv. conduction heat gain
through fenestration area 　　　　　　　　
the equivalent conduction heat
gain through the external wall. 　　　　　　　　
the heat gain from the adjacent
rooms via the partition walls 　　　　　　　　
the heat gain from the occupants 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
the heat gain from the electric
lights 　　　　　　　　
the sensible heat gain from
equipment and appliances 　　　　　　　　
the infiltration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sum of Latent CL (W) 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
64
Summary Table for the Sensible, Latent and Total Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sum of Sens CL (W) 2159.78 2587.208 3222.91 3974.198 4327.154 4310.182 3213.092 1682.54
Sum of Latent CL (W) 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
Sum of Cooling Loads (W) 2324.78 2752.208 3387.91 4139.198 4492.154 4475.182 3378.092 1847.54
Therefore, the maximum cooling load = 4492.15 W@16:00
65
 (2) If the air-conditioning plant is shut down during night-time and weekend
 The CLF for the heat gains of the occupants, electric lighting, and equipment
will be equal to 1.0 (refer to Slide 32, 35, 37)

　 Time (hr) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sunlit area (m2) 0 3 5 6.5 7 7 7 0
　 CLTD for
　 window (K) 5 7 7 8 7 6 6 5
Wall (K) 15 14 14 14 15 17 19 22
CLF for lights
Lights (Note 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CLF for
occupants (Note
Occupants 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Note 1: Space air temperature is maintained constant in 24 hour period. 66
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟓=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=(𝟔𝟓×𝟑𝑾 ) ×𝟏=𝟏𝟗𝟓𝑾


67
𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝟔=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏,𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑾×𝟏=𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑾

appliances

 For the cooling load at other hour, the calculation procedure is all the same expect
the factors shown in Slide 66. By calculating the cooling load one by one, we can get
the table in the following slide.
68
Table for the Sensible Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
　 Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL Sens CL
(such as window) area 91.63 439.208 1061.06 1757.448 2121.504 2095.632 1578.192 86.24
fenestration area 175 245 245 280 245 210 210 175

through the external wall. 180 168 168 168 180 204 228 264
heat gain from the adjacent rooms
via the partition walls 675 675 675 675 675 675 675 675
heat gain from the occupants 195 195 195 195 195 195 195 195

heat gain from the electric lights 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
and appliances 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
Sum of Sens CL (W) 2356.63 2762.208 3384.06 4115.448 4456.504 4419.632 3926.192 2435.24
69
Table for the Latent Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
　 Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL Latent CL
(such as window) area 　　　　　　　　
fenestration area 　　　　　　　　

through the external wall. 　　　　　　　　
heat gain from the adjacent rooms
via the partition walls 　　　　　　　　
heat gain from the occupants 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165

heat gain from the electric lights 　　　　　　　　
and appliances 　　　　　　　　
Sum of Latent CL (W) 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
70
Summary Table for the Sensible, Latent and Total Cooling Load
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Sum of Sens CL (W) 2356.63 2762.208 3384.06 4115.448 4456.504 4419.632 3926.192 2435.24
Sum of Latent CL (W) 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
Sum of Cooling Loads (W) 2521.63 2927.208 3549.06 4280.448 4621.504 4584.632 4091.192 2600.24
Therefore, the maximum cooling load = 4621.50 W@16:00
71
Thank you very much for your attention
72

Lecture 2 BSE2201 Cooling Load Calculation

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BSE2201 Air-Conditioning I

Lecture 2 Cooling Load

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨𝒔∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭+𝑨𝒔𝒉∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭𝒔𝒉)∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

: Space sensible cooling load (W)

 Regarding the Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF):

 In the calculation Equation, we still have one unknown term "CLF"

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨 𝒔 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

Absorbed by the indoor air Part of the Instant Cooling Load

 The reason that the CLF is higher than

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

Single-glazed 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.3 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.6

 According to these two equations, in order to reduce the sensible

(3) Reduce the U Value (good insulation

Other Parameters Values

Type 1: The cooling load due to the

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨𝒔∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭+𝑨𝒔𝒉∙𝑴𝑨𝑿𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭𝒔𝒉)∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

Type 2: The cooling load due to the

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳= 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∙𝑪𝑳𝑭=( 𝑨 𝒔 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮𝑭 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭

Dire Top view of the floor plan

As the sunlight is irradiated from the North West direction:

From the Question Statement,

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑬 =( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑬 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑬 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑬 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑬

As the sunlight is irradiated from the North West direction:

From the Question Statement,

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑺 =( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑺 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑺 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑺 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑺

As the sunlight is irradiated from the North West direction:

From the Question Statement,

(1.4) For the facade facing West

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔𝑪𝑳,𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 ,𝑾 = ( 𝑨 𝒔,𝑾 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝑾 +𝑨 𝒔𝒉,𝑾 ∙𝑴𝑨𝑿 𝑺𝑯𝑮 𝑭 𝒔𝒉 ) ∙𝑺𝑪∙𝑪𝑳𝑭 𝑾

As the sunlight is irradiated from the North West direction:

From the Question Statement,

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳, 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝑨 𝒇 ∙𝑼 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫

According to the question statement, we know that:

A is the heat transfer area of the

U = 0.681 W/m2·K U = 1.136 W/m2·K U = 3.321 W/m2·K

 Dark surface: absorptivity α= 1; Indoor temperature = 25.5°C

The CLTD of these 3 envelopes on Jul 21st are

External wall A External wall B

𝑪𝑳𝑻 𝑫 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓 =[ ( 𝑪𝑳𝑻𝑫 + 𝑳𝑴 ) 𝑲 + ( 𝟐𝟓 . 𝟓 −𝒕 𝒓 ) + ( 𝒕 𝒐𝒎 −𝟐𝟗 . 𝟒 ) 𝒇 ]

 The factor f accounts

 When a conditioned space is adjacent to a room (via the partition

 Humans release both sensible heat

 Space sensible cooling load for people

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑭

 Sensible and latent heat gain of an occupant engaged in various activities

Sensible heat Latent heat

 The cooling load due to the heat gain

CLF: Cooling Load Factor of the electric lighting

 The decrement and time-lag effect also resulting from the

 The CLF for electric lighting is a

The decrement and time-lag effect also resulting from the

𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝑪𝑳=𝑸˙ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏, 𝒆𝒖𝒊𝒑 ∙ 𝑪𝑳𝑭

Winstall is the total installed rated power of the

CLF: Cooling Load Factor of the The decrement and time-lag

 The CLF values are available in the form of

(1) For the equipment such as computers,

 It is the uncontrolled flow of air through the cracks and openings of a

 Space latent cooling load due to the