CoSc 333

Internet
and
Website Development

Instructor : Welde Janfa

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Internet
 Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that
use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve billions of
users worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists of millions of
◦ private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope.
◦ That are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical
networking technologies.
 The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services,
such as the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web
(WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
 The Internet is most often used for three main purposes:
1. Communication
2.Buying and selling (e-commerce)
3.Searching for information
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Brief history Internet
 Began as a US Department of Defense network called
ARPANET (1960s-70s)
 initial services: electronic mail, file transfer
 opened to commercial interests in late 80s
 WWW created in 1989-91 by Tim Berners-Lee
 popular web browsers released: Netscape 1994, IE 1995
 Amazon.com opens in 1995; Google January 1996
 Hamster Dance web page created in 1999

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Protocol
 Protocol
◦ A protocol is a set of rules, used to retrieve a specific document.
◦ The “http” in our URL refers to HyperText Transfer Protocol.
◦ The “http” is followed by a colon and two forward slashes, then
“www,” which refers to the World Wide Web.
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or
other events
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Protocol
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request

TCP connection
Hi response

What is the Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00
<file>

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Protocol
 An agreed upon convention for communication.
◦ both endpoints need to understand the protocol.
 Protocols must be formally defined and unambiguous!
 Protocols define
◦ format,
◦ order of msgs sent and received among network entities,
◦ actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

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Terminologies in the Internet
 IP address
◦ Internet: It might be helpful to think of the Internet as a vast system
of roads all connecting to each other.
◦ They do this through unique identification numbers called Internet
Protocol Addresses (IP addresses).
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
◦ Internet Service Providers are companies or organization that
connect you to the Internet – for a fee, of course.
◦ ISPs are available on a local, state, and national level.
◦ Ex. EthioTelecom

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Terminologies in the Internet
 Server and client relationship
◦ How to access the Web? How to access the Web?
 Once you have your Internet connection, then you need
special software called a browser to access the Web.
 Web browsers are used to connect you to remote
computers, open and transfer files, display text and
images.
 Web browsers are specialized programs.
 Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator
(Navigator) and Internet Explorer

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Terminologies in the Internet
 Server and client relationship
◦ Client/Server Structure of the Web
 Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,
called Web servers, that are located all over the world
and are connected to each other through the Internet.
 When you use your Internet connection to become part
of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client in a
worldwide client/server network.
 A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.

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Terminologies in the Internet
 Domain name
◦ A domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP address by a program
that runs on an Internet host computer
◦ The domain name consists of two parts.
◦ In our example, “admas.edu” is the domain name. where “admas” is
the host and “.edu” is the top-level domain.
 This suffix indicates the type of organization to which the host belongs. As you can
probably guess, “.edu” indicates that the host, “admas,” is an educational
institution.
◦ Common Top-Level Domains
 .com Commercial or business websites, however anyone may use this
now
 .gov United States Government websites
 .mil United States Military websites
 .org Organizational websites (often non-profit organizations)
◦ Directory/Page: The next part of the URL tells the web browser
where to find the specific web page on the website.
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Terminologies in the Internet
 Domain name service
◦ This program, which coordinates the IP addresses and domain
names for all computers attached to it, is called DNS (Domain
Name System ) software.
◦ The host computer that runs this software is called a domain name
server

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
 Thereare five types of internet connections which are as
follows:
1. Dial up Connection
2. Leased Connection
3. DSL connection
4. Cable Modem Connection
5. VSAT

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
1. Dial up Connection
◦ Dial-up refers to an Internet connection that is established using a modem.
◦ The modem connects the computer to standard phone lines, which serve as
the data transfer medium.
◦ When a user initiates a dial-up connection, the modem dials a phone
number of an Internet Service Provider (ISP) that is designated to receive
dial-up calls. The ISP then establishes the connection, which usually takes
about ten seconds and is accompanied by several beepings and a buzzing
sound
◦ Advantages
 Low Price
 Secure connection – your IP address continually changes
 Offered in rural areas – you need a phone line
◦ Disadvantages
 Slow speed.
 Phone line is required.
 Busy signals for friends and family members.

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
2. Leased Connection
◦ Leased connection is a permanent telephone connection between two points
set up by a telecommunications common carrier.
◦ Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically
distant offices. Unlike normal dial-up connections, a leased line is always
active.
◦ The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors
affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of
the circuit.
◦ Advantage
 Secure and private: dedicated exclusively to the customer,
 Speed: symmetrical and direct
 Reliable: minimum down time
 Wide choice of speeds: bandwidth on demand, easily upgradeable
 Leased lines are suitable for in-house office web hosting

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
2. Leased Connection
◦ Disadvantages 
 Leased lines can be expensive to install and rent.
 Not suitable for single or home workers
 Lead times can be as long as 65 working days
 Distance dependent to nearest POP
 Leased lines have traditionally been the more expensive access option. A
Service Level Agreement    (SLA) confirms an ISP’s contractual
requirement in ensuring the service is maintained. This is often lacking in
cheaper alternatives

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
3. DSL /ADSL Connection
◦ Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides
digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.
◦ DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunications
marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology.
◦ DSL service is delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the
same telephone line.
◦ The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s
to 40 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on
DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation.

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
3. DSL /ADSL Connection
◦ Advantages:
 Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so
that it will not be on the same network
 Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN technology.
 High bandwidth
 Cheap line charges from the phone company.
 Good for “bursty” traffic patterns
◦ Disadvantages
 No current standardization: Equipment might vary from place to place or
when we change ISPs.
 Expensive
 Distance Dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL
Access Multiplexer), the lower the data rate. The longest run lengths are
18,000 feet, or a little over 3 miles.

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
4. Cable Modem Connection
◦ Cable Modem Connection A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and
modem that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency
channels
◦ Cable modems re primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the
form of cable Internet, taking advantage of the high bandwidth

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
4. Cable Modem Connection
 Advantages
◦ Always Connected: A cable modem connection is always connected
to the Internet .
◦ Bandwidth: Cable modems have the potential to receive data from
their cable provider at speeds greater than 30 megabits per second.
◦ File Transfer Capabilities: Downloads may be faster, but uploads are
typically slower
◦ Routing: Cable routers allow multiple computers to be hooked up to
one cable modem, allowing several devices to be directly connected
through a single modem. Wireless routers can also be attached to
your cable modem
 Disadvantage
◦ Week signal strength over long distance .
◦ Expansive

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
5. VSAT
◦ Used in satellite communications of data, voice and video signals,
excluding broadcast television.
◦ A VSAT consists of two parts,
 A transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the
satellite and
 A device that is placed indoors to interface the transceiver with
the end user’s communications device, such as a PC.
◦ The transceiver receives or sends a signal to a satellite transponder
in the sky.
◦ The satellite sends and receives signals from a ground station
computer that acts as a hub for the system

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
5. VSAT
◦ Advantages
Satellite communication systems have some advantages that can be exploited
for the provision of connectivity. These are:
Costs Insensitive to Distance
Single Platform service delivery (one-stop-shop)
Flexibility , Upgradeable
Low incremental costs per unit
◦ Disadvantage
High start-up costs
Higher than normal risk profiles
Severe regulatory restrictions imposed by countries that prevent VSAT
networks and solutions
Some service quality limitations such the high signal delays (latency)
Natural availability limits that cannot be mitigated against
 Lack of skills required in the developing world to design, install and maintain
satellite communication systems adequately

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End of Chapter One
Thank You

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 Chapter 2
Internet Basics
OUTLINE
Advantage and disadvantage of the Internet
Virus and antivirus

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Advantage and disadvantage of the Internet
 Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern
times which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also
our personal and professional lives developments.
 The internet helps us achieve this in several different ways.
 As a students and educational purposes the internet is
widely used to gather information so as to do the research
or add to the knowledge of various subjects
 The internet has served to be more useful in maintaining
contacts with friends and relatives who live abroad
permanently

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Advantage of the Internet
 E-mail: Email is now an essential communication tools in
business. With e-mail you can send and receive instant
electronic messages, which works like writing letters.
 24 hours a day - 7 days a week: Internet is available, 24x7
days for usage.
 Information: Information is probably the biggest
advantage internet is offering.
◦ There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for
just about every subject, ranging from government law and services,
trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and
technical support
 Online Chat: You can access many ‘chat rooms’ on the
web that can be used to meet new people, make new
friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends

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Advantage of the Internet
 Services: Many services are provided on the internet like
net banking, job searching, purchasing tickets, hotel
reservations
 Communities: Communities of all types have sprung up
on the internet. Its a great way to meet up with people of
similar interest and discuss common issues.
 E-commerce: Along with getting information on the
Internet, you can also shop online.
 Entertainment: Internet provides facility to access wide
range of Audio/Video songs, plays films.
 Software Downloads: You can freely download
innumerable, software like utilities, games, music, videos,
movies, etc. from the Internet

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Disadvantage of the Internet
 Theft of Personal information: Electronic messages sent
over the Internet can be easily snooped and tracked,
revealing who is talking to whom and what they are talking
about.
◦ If you use the Internet, your personal information such as your
name, address, password, bank details and other information can be
accessed by unauthorized persons.
 Negative effects on family communication: It is generally
observed that due to more time spent on Internet, there is a
decrease in communication and feeling of togetherness
among the family members.
 Internet addiction: Some researchers, claim that it is
simply people trying to escape their problems in an online
world.
◦ There is some controversy over whether it is possible to actually be
addicted to the Internet or not

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Disadvantage of the Internet
 Children using the Internet has become a big concern.
 Virus threat: Computers getting viruses from the
internet .
◦ Virus is is a program which disrupts the normal
functioning of your computer systems

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Virus and Antivirus
 What is Computer Virus
◦ A computer virus is a malicious piece of executable code that
propagates typically by attaching itself to a host document that
will generally be an executable file.
◦ Computer viruses are small software programs that are
designed to spread from one computer to another and to
interfere with computer operation.
◦ A virus might corrupt or delete data on your computer, use
your e-mail program to spread itself to other computers, or
even erase everything on your hard disk.
◦ Viruses are most easily spread by attachments in email
messages or instant messaging messages. That is why it is
essential that you never open e-mail attachments unless you
know who it's from and you are expecting it.
◦ Viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They
can be hidden in illicit software or other files or programs you
might download

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Virus
 Types of Viruses
1. Boot sector viruses
 A boot sectors is a place where start up instruction is kept.
 Since boot sector code is executed automatically, it is a common attack vector for
viruses.
2. Program viruses
 Executable files for system administration
3. Macro
 Macros in documents are executable segments of code
and are generally written in a language that is specific
to each document type.
 Documents that are allowed to contain macros (such
as Microsoft Word documents, Excel spreadsheets,
Access database files, etc.)

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Virus
 Types of other than Viruses
◦ Virus Hoaxes
◦ Trojan Horses
◦ Worms
◦ Spam
◦ Adware
◦ Spyware
◦ Malware

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Virus
 What is an Anti-Virus?
◦ Antivirus software is a class of program that searches a
hard drive and floppy disk for any known or potential
viruses.
◦ Antivirus program runs in the Random Accesses
Memory of a computer.
◦ Anti-virus software typically uses two different
techniques to accomplish this:
 Examining files to look for known viruses by means of
a virus dictionary.
 Identifying suspicious behavior from any computer
program which might indicate infection.
◦ Most commercial anti-virus software uses both of these
approaches, with an emphasis on the virus dictionary
approach.

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Anti-Virus
What is an Anti-Virus?
◦ Anti-virus is a software (computer program) that
scans files or your computer's memory for certain
patterns that may indicate an infection.
◦ The patterns it looks for are based on the signatures,
or fingerprints, of known viruses.
◦ Once a virus is detected in the wild, the Anti-Virus
companies then release these new patterns for your
Anti-virus software to use.
◦ The updates come out daily by some vendors. Virus
authors are continually releasing new and updated
viruses, so it is important that you have the latest
definitions installed on your computer.

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Anti-Virus
Types an Anti-Virus?
◦ There are two main types anti-virus
 Anti-virus for personal computers.
 Anti-virus for servers and others for enterprises

1st Reading Assignment

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End of Chapter Two
Thank You

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 Chapter 3
Using Internet
OUTLINE
Email
The World Wide Web (WWW)
Search engines

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Email
E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of
sending messages, notes or letters from one person
to another or even many people at the same time via
Internet.
lt is an extremely popular means of communication.
It has become so integrated with the flow of our
work and personal lives that it may be difficult to
remember a time when we could not communicate
this way.
E-mail is very fast compared to the normal post.
E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to
arrive at their destination.
One can send messages anytime of the day or night,
and, it will get delivered immediately.

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Email
 Features of E-mail:
◦ One-to-one or one-to-many communications
◦ Instant communications
◦ Physical presence of recipient is not required
◦ Most inexpensive mail services, 24-hours a day and seven
days a week
◦ Encourages informal communications
 Components of an E-mail Address
◦ As in the case of normal mail system, e-mail is also based
upon the concept of a recipient address.
◦ The email address provides all of the information required to
get a message to the recipient from any where in the world.
 Consider the e-mail ID. [email protected]
 In the above example welde is the username of the person who
will be sending/receiving the email. Hotmail is the mail server
where the username welde has been registered and com is the type of
organization on the internet which is hosting the mail server.

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Email
 Instant Messaging (IM) and Chat Rooms: These tools allow you to
communicate with others who are online at the same time as you.
 Podcasts: Podcasts are audio or video recordings available for
download from the Internet. TV shows, newscasts, and instructor
lectures are some examples of content that can be delivered via a
podcast
 Blogs: A blog (short for “web log”) is a public journal posted on the
Internet. The word blog can be used as both a noun and a verb.
 Social Networking: Social networking sites, such as Facebook,
LinkedIn, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube are convenient ways to meet
new people, share photos and videos, connect with friends, and more.
 Voice over Internet Protocol (“Voice over IP” or “VoIP”): This is a
voice-based Internet communication solution that uses a standard
Internet connection to place phone calls. Skype is an example of a
software program that allows you to place calls over the Internet

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World Wide Web (WWW)
 The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information
organized into Web pages containing text and graphic
images.
 It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and
images that lead to related information.
 A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme
or focus is called a Web site.
 The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site
are organized around and link back to is called the site’s
home page.

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Search engines
 A Search Engine is a website that searches the World Wide Web for
specific keywords, which you enter into a search field.
 The search engine then displays a list of web pages that are somehow
related to the keywords you entered.
 You can then click the links to any of these web pages that interest you.
Search results are not perfect. You may be looking for a specific
website that does not appear right away.
 Google (www.google.com) and Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) are two
popular search engines.
 In summary, there are three basic ways to begin to surf the web:
1. Enter the URL of a website you want to visit
2. Use a Search Engine
3. Find your topic in a Subject Directory

* Remember that we have covered how the search engines work in our IR course

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Search engines
 A Search Engine is a website that searches the World Wide Web for
specific keywords, which you enter into a search field.
 The search engine then displays a list of web pages that are somehow
related to the keywords you entered.
 You can then click the links to any of these web pages that interest you.
Search results are not perfect. You may be looking for a specific
website that does not appear right away.
 Google (www.google.com) and Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) are two
popular search engines.
 In summary, there are three basic ways to begin to surf the web:
1. Enter the URL of a website you want to visit
2. Use a Search Engine
3. Find your topic in a Subject Directory

* Remember that we have covered how the search engines work in our IR course

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End of Chapter Three
Thank You

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