Solid State Motor Contro

SOLID STATE MOTOR
CONTROLLER
• Is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some
predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor.
• A motor controller might include a manual or automatic

means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward
or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed,
regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against
overloads and faults.
Solid-state motor controllers offer many advantages to the user.
These include such benefits:
 improved system efficiency

 reduced voltage drop during starting
 adjustable-speed operation
 maximum available motor torque during peak demand
situations without extreme system voltage disturbance
 soft-start on high inertia loads
Three common types of Motor controller
 Servo controllers
 Stepper motor controllers
 Intelligent controllers
Servo controllers
Servo controllers are a wide category of motor control,
common features are:
• precise closed loop position control
• fast acceleration rates
• precise speed control Servo motors may be made from

several motor types.
The most common being:
 brushed DC motor
 brushless DC motors
 AC servo motors
 Servo controllers use position feedback to close the control loop. This is
commonly implemented with encoders, resolvers, and Hall effect sensor to
directly measure the rotor's position.
 Other position feedback methods measure the backEMF in the undriven

coils to infer the rotor position, or detect the Kick-Back voltage transient
(spike) that is generated whenever the power to a coil is instantaneously
switched off. These are therefore often called "sensorless" control methods.
 A Servo may be controlled using pulse-width modulation(PWM). How long

the pulse remains high (typically between 1 and 2 milliseconds) determines
where the motor will try to position itself. Another control method is pulse
and direction.
Stepper Motor Controllers
 A stepper, or stepping, motor is a synchronous, brushless, high pole
count, polyphase motor.
 Modern stepper controllers drive the motor with much higher voltages
than the motor nameplate rated voltage, and limit current through
chopping.
 The usual setup is to have a positioning controller, known as an indexer,

sending step and direction pulses to a separate higher voltage drive
circuit which is responsible for commutation and current limiting.
Intelligent Controllers
 An Intelligent Motor Controller (IMC) uses a microprocessor to control
power electronic devices used for motor control.
 IMCs monitor the load on a motor and accordingly match motor torque to
motor load. This is accomplished by reducing the voltage to the AC
terminals and at the same time lowering current and kvar.
 This can provide a measure of energy efficiency improvement for motors

that run under light load for a large part of the time, resulting in less heat,
noise, and vibrations generated by the motor.
INDUCTION
GENERATOR
Induction Generator
• An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of
alternating current (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles
of induction motors to produce electric power. Induction generators
operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster than
synchronous speed.
• Induction generators are useful in applications such as mini hydro

power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas
streams to lower pressure, because they can recover energy with
relatively simple controls.
Principle Of Operation
In generator operation, a prime mover (turbine or engine)

drives the rotor above the synchronous speed (negative slip).
The stator flux still induces currents in the rotor, but since the
opposing rotor flux is now cutting the stator coils, an active
current is produced in stator coils and the motor now operates
as a generator, sending power back to the electrical grid.
Uses
Induction generators are often used in wind turbines and

some micro hydro installations due to their ability to produce
useful power at varying rotor speeds. Induction generators are
mechanically and electrically simpler than other generator
types. They are also more rugged, requiring no brushes or
commutators.
INDUCTION GENERATOR
Induction Generator as a Wind Power Generator
• Rotating electrical machines are commonly used in wind energy
systems and most of these electrical machines can function as either a
motor or a generator, depending upon its particular application.
• Both the synchronous generator and the Induction Generator have

similar fixed stator winding arrangement which, when energised by a
rotating magnetic field, produces a three-phase ( or single phase )
voltage output.
• However, the rotors of the two machines are quite different with the
rotor of an induction generator typically consisting of one of two types
of arrangement: a “squirrel cage”, or a “wound rotor”.
Induction Generator construction is based on the very
common squirrel-cage induction motor type machine as they are
cheap, reliable, and readily available in a wide range of electrical
sizes from fractional horse power machines to multi-megawatt
capacities making them ideal for use in both domestic and
commercial renewable energy wind power applications.
Synchronous generator which has to be “synchronised” with
the electrical grid before it can generate power, the induction
generator can be connected directly to the utility grid and driven
by the turbines rotor blades at variable wind speeds.
For economy and reliability many wind power turbines use
induction motors as generator which are driven through a
mechanical gearbox to increase their speed of rotation,
performance and efficiency. However, induction generators
require reactive power usually provided by shunt capacitors in the
individual wind turbines.
Induction machines are also known as Asynchronous
Machines, that is they rotate below synchronous speed
when used as a motor, and above synchronous speed when
used as a generator. So when rotated faster than its normal
operating or no-load speed, an induction generator produces
AC electricity. Because an induction generator synchronises
directly with the main utility grid – that is, produces
electricity at the same frequency and voltage – no rectifiers
or inverters are required.
Induction Generator Construction
The end !!!

Solid State Motor Contro

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SOLID STATE MOTOR

• A motor controller might include a manual or automatic

 improved system efficiency

 Stepper motor controllers

• precise closed loop position control

• fast acceleration rates

• precise speed control Servo motors may be made from

 Other position feedback methods measure the backEMF in the undriven

 A Servo may be controlled using pulse-width modulation(PWM). How long

 The usual setup is to have a positioning controller, known as an indexer,

 This can provide a measure of energy efficiency improvement for motors

• Induction generators are useful in applications such as mini hydro

In generator operation, a prime mover (turbine or engine)

Induction generators are often used in wind turbines and

• Both the synchronous generator and the Induction Generator have

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