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Chapter 1: Basic Concepts: Today's Objectives

This chapter discusses basic concepts in electricity including: a) Units and prefixes in the International System of Units (SI) including units for length, mass, time, current, temperature and luminous intensity. b) Definitions of current, voltage, power and their units. Current is the rate of charge flow, voltage is the energy to move a unit charge, and power is the rate energy is used or generated. c) Examples of calculating power, current, voltage and energy using their relationships and units. Power is calculated as the product of voltage and current. Energy is the time integral of power over time.

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Wan Rodie
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47 views16 pages

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts: Today's Objectives

This chapter discusses basic concepts in electricity including: a) Units and prefixes in the International System of Units (SI) including units for length, mass, time, current, temperature and luminous intensity. b) Definitions of current, voltage, power and their units. Current is the rate of charge flow, voltage is the energy to move a unit charge, and power is the rate energy is used or generated. c) Examples of calculating power, current, voltage and energy using their relationships and units. Power is calculated as the product of voltage and current. Energy is the time integral of power over time.

Uploaded by

Wan Rodie
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1 : BASIC CONCEPTS

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
a) Apply the SI units and
standard prefixes.
b) Define current, voltage
and power, including In-Class Activities:
their units. • Review questions
c) Calculate power and • Systems of Units
energy. • Charge and Current
• Voltage
• Power and Energy
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State the SI unit for each of these quantities:

A) Length
B) Mass
C) Time
D) Electric current
E) Temperature
F) Luminous intensity

2. One millivolt is one millionth of a volt.


A) True B) False

3. The prefix micro stands for:


A) 106 B) 103 C) 10-3 D) 10-6
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 We will be using the International System of Units (SI).

 SI units are based on six fundamental quantities:

Quantity Unit Symbol


Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela cd
 Advantage of SI unit – it uses prefixes based on the power of
10 to relate larger and smaller units to the basic unit.
Quantity Prefix Symbol
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
10 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro µ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
EXAMPLE

Given: Apply the standard prefixes to this value:


A) 1500 m = ? km
B) 10500 g = ? kg
C) 0.85 m = ? cm
D) 10-4 s = ? μ s

Solution:
A) 1500 m = 1.5 km
B) 10500 g = 10.5 kg
C) 0.85 m = 85 cm
D) 10-4 s = 100 μs
CHARGE AND CURRENT
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).
 The smallest amount of charge that exists is the charge
carried by an electron, equal to:

qe = - 1.602 x 10 -19 C

 The other charge-carrying particle in an atom, the proton, is


assigned a plus sign and the same magnitude. The charge of
a proton is:

qp = + 1.602 x 10 -19 C

• Electrons and protons are often referred to as elementary


charges.
 Electric current is the time rate of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
 The relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is

dq
i
dt
 The units of current are called amperes, where 1 ampere
(A) = 1 coulomb / second (C/s).
 The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by
integrating both sides of equation above.
t
q  i dt
t0
EXAMPLE
Given: The total charge entering a terminal is given by
q = 5t sin 4лt mC.

Find: The current at t = 0.5s.

Solution:
dq d
i   5t sin 4 t  mC/s   5 sin 4 t  20 t cos 4 t  mA
dt dt

At t = 0.5,
i  5 sin 2  10 cos 2  0  10  31.42 mA
EXAMPLE (continued)
Given: The current passing the terminal is i = (3t2 – t) A.

Find: The total charge entering a terminal between t = 1 s and


t = 2 s.

Solution:
2 2

q   i dt   3t 2  t dt
t 1 1

 3 t2  2  1
  t   1   8  2   1    5.5 C
 2  2
VOLTAGE

 Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge


through an element, measured in volts (V).

1 volt (V) = 1 joule (J)


coulomb (C)

 The voltage, or potential difference, between two points in


a circuit indicates the energy required to move charge from
one point to the other.
POWER AND ENERGY
 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).

Power = work = work x charge = voltage x current


time charge time

p = dw = dw x dq = vi
dt dq dt

 The electric power generated by an active element, or that


dissipated or stored by a passive element, is equal to the
product of the voltage across the element and the current
flowing through it.
P = V I
 In general,
Power absorbed = - Power supplied

 Energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to


time t is
t t
w  p dt   vi dt
t0 t0

 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).


EXAMPLE
Given: The current entering the positive terminal of an element is
i = 5 cos 60л t A and the voltage is:
(a) v = 3i (b) v = 3 di/dt

Find: The power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms.

Solution:

(a) The voltage is v = 3i = 15 cos 60л t; hence the power is


p = vi = 75 cos2 60л t W

At t = 3 ms,
p = 75 cos2 (60л x 3 x 10-3) = 75 cos2 0.18л = 53.48 W.
EXAMPLE (continued)
(b) We find the voltage and the power as

di
v=3 = 3 (-60л) 5 sin 60л t = -900л sin 60л t V
dt
p = vi = -4500л sin 60л t cos 60л t W

At t = 3 ms,

p = -4500л sin 0.18л cos 0.18л W


= -14137.167 sin 32.4° cos 32.4°
= -6.396 kW
EXAMPLE (continued)
Find: How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume
in two hours?

Solution:
w = pt = 100 (W) x 2 (h) x 60 (min/h) x 60 (s/min)
= 720,000 J
= 720 kJ

This is the same as


w = pt = 100 W x 2 h = 200 Wh.
THANK YOU

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