Internet Resources Discovery (IRD)

Introduction to the
Internet/WWW

1 T.Sharon-A.Frank
 Introduction to the Internet
• Internet Resources/Services
• What is the Internet
• Standards/Protocols

T.Sharon-A.Frank
2
 Internet Resources/Services

• Electronic Mail (E-Mail)

• News (Usenet)
• File Transfer (FTP)
• Remote Login (Telnet)
• Information Browsing (Gopher)
• Automated Title Search (Archie, Veronica)
• Automatic Content Search (WAIS)
• Advanced Browsing (WWW)
T.Sharon-A.Frank
3
 Internet Resources Discovery (IRD)
• Resources discovery - locating unfamiliar
resources.
• Resources can be documents, files, users and
services, both textual and multimedia.
• IRD is resource discovery on the internet and in
the Web.

T.Sharon-A.Frank
4
 ?What is the Internet

• Internet is a Multi-Network Architecture

• Internet = Interconnected Network
• Internet is based on TCP/IP Protocol Set
• IP = Internet Protocol
• TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
• Based on former ARPANET by DOD

T.Sharon-A.Frank
5
 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

router
• millions of connected workstation
computing devices: hosts, server
mobile
end-systems
local ISP
– pc’s workstations, servers
– PDA’s phones, toasters
running network apps regional ISP
• communication links
– fiber, copper, radio, satellite
• routers: forward packets
(chunks) of data thru network
company
T.Sharon-A.Frank
6 network
 Internet Infrastructure
LAN WAN LAN
Corporate Campus
Regional and Ethernet
Network
National Providers (ISP)

Router Router Router

Router
Router

T.Sharon-A.Frank
7
 Interconnected Network

Private
Dedicated
Public
Router Circuit Switched
Local Area

ISDN
Bridge Router

Metropolitan
Local Area Area

Gateway Gateway
Public
Packet Switched
 Who Runs the Internet?

• “nobody”
• Standards:Internet Engineering Task Force (later…)
• Numbers: IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
• Names: Internic (US), RIPE (Europe),…
• Network: ISPs (Internet Service Providers), NAPs
(Network Access Points),…
• Fibers: telephone companies (mostly)
• Content: thousands of companies, universities, individuals,
…

T.Sharon-A.Frank
9
 ?What’s a protocol
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” • machines rather than
humans
• “I have a question” • all communication activity
• introductions in Internet governed by
protocols

… specific messages sent protocols define format,

… specific actions taken order of messages sent and
when messages received,received among network entities,
or other events and actions taken on message
transmission, receipt
T.Sharon-A.Frank
10
 ?What’s a protocol
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time? Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm
2:00
<file>
time

?Q: Other human protocol

T.Sharon-A.Frank
11
 TCP/IP

• TCP breaks the message data into pieces

Data
IP Packet

T.Sharon-A.Frank
12
 TCP/IP

• TCP takes a long message and breaks it up:

– Each piece has a sequence number.
– Each piece is sent using IP:
• Destination has enough info to reassemble message.
• Will request missing piece until all is there.

TCP TCP

IP Internet
IP
T.Sharon-A.Frank
13
 IP Packet

Packet Data

From: 192.112.36.5
To: 128.174.5.6
IP Address Packet Envelope
T.Sharon-A.Frank
14
 IP Properties
Network Delay is Variable
• IP will get it there, but…
– Message might be lost, or sent out of order.
– Message can’t be too long (about 1K max).
– For email, web, want reliable transfer of big files.
– Still doesn’t say for which process a packet is intended:
• Message come to a machine, but are handled by a
process.
• Like a house with many people in it.
• Solution is TCP.
T.Sharon-A.Frank
15
 Protocols in the TCP/IP Model
Protocols
Application
TELNET FTP SMTP DNS

Transport
TCP UDP

Network
IP

Physical+ Packet
ARPANET SATNET radio LAN
data link
Networks

T.Sharon-A.Frank
16
 Internet/WWW Standards

• Internet
– Domain Name System (DNS)
• WWW
– Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
– Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

T.Sharon-A.Frank
17
 Domain Name Service (DNS)
cs.biu.ac.il www.netscape.com www.cmu.edu

• Map Domain Name to IP Address

• Domain Names must be Unique
• Domain Names have many Parts
• Suffix of Domain Names Significant

T.Sharon-A.Frank
18
 Domain Names
cs.biu.ac.il

il
ac

biu
tau
cs

T.Sharon-A.Frank
19
 DNS - Domain Name Lookup

• Search in cache
• Search in local repository
– If the name is in the same domain
– If the name was retrieved lately
• Ask other servers

T.Sharon-A.Frank
20
 DNS - Domain Name Lookup

Domain name
server
User’s computer in Israel
in Israel
User’s computer
Name in USA

IP Address Internet

T.Sharon-A.Frank
21
 DNS - Domain Name Lookup

Domain name Domain name

server server
User’s computer in Israel in USA
in Israel
User’s computer
Name Name in USA

IP Address

IP Address
Internet

T.Sharon-A.Frank
22
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
URL is an address of a Web page in the Internet.
Protocol://domain-name:port/directory/file-name

• Protocol: http, ftp, gopher...

• Domain-Name (or IP-address)
• Port (for security purposes)
• Directory
• File-Name
Example: http://www.cs.biu.ac.il:8080/~taly/mm/index.html
T.Sharon-A.Frank
23