Chapter 11

Integration

Section 1
Antiderivatives and
Indefinite Integrals

Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 1
 Antiderivatives
A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if F´(x) = f(x).
x4
The function F ( x)  is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4 
since F ( x)     x 3  f ( x).
dx  4 
x4
F ( x)  is not the only antiderivative of f ( x)  x 3 .
4
d  x4  d  x 4
 
F ( x)    3   x  f ( x) F ( x)    e   x3  f ( x)
3

dx  4  dx  4 
x4
The function F ( x)   C is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4 
since   C   x 3
for any real number C.
dx  4 
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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 2
 Antiderivatives Generalization
A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if F´(x) = f(x).
x4
The function F ( x)   C is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4 
since   C   x 3
for any real number C.
dx  4 

Antidifferentiation of a given function does not give a unique

function, but an entire family of functions.

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 Theorem 1 Antiderivatives

If the derivatives of two functions are equal on an open

interval (a, b), then the functions differ by at most a
constant.
Symbolically, if F and G are differentiable functions on the
interval (a, b) and F´(x) = G´(x) for all x in (a, b), then
F(x) = G(x) + k for some constant k.

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 Example 1 A Family of
Antiderivatives
d  x2 
Note that  x
dx  2 
(A) Find all antiderivatives of f(x) = x.
(B) Graph the antiderivative of f(x) that contains the point
(0, 0); the point (0, 1); and the point (0, 2).
(C) How are the graphs of these three antiderivatives
related?
Solution
(A) By Theorem 1, any antiderivative of f ( x) has the form
x2
F ( x)   k where k is a real number.
2

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 Example 1 A Family of
Antiderivatives continued
(B) Graph the antiderivative of f(x) that contains the point
(0, 0); the point (0, 1); and the point (0, 2).
Solution
02
(B) Because F (0)   k  k , the functions
2
x2 x2 x2
F0 ( x)  , F1 ( x)   1, and F2 ( x)   2
2 2 2
pass through the points (0, 0), (0,1), and (0, 2) respectively.

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 Example 1 A Family of
Antiderivatives continued
(B) Graph the antiderivative of f(x) that contains the point
(0, 0); the point (0, 1); and the point (0, 2).
Solution (B)
The calculator screen shot
shows the graph of
x2
F0 ( x)  (blue),
2
x2
F1 ( x)   1 (red), and
2
x2
F2 ( x)   2 (black)
2

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 Example 1 A Family of
Antiderivatives continued
(C) How are the graphs of these three antiderivatives
related?

Solution
(C) As shown in the graph, the
three antiderivatives are vertical
translations of each other.

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 8
 Indefinite Integrals: Formulas and
Properties
The symbol  f ( x)dx, the indefinite integral, is used to
represent the family of all antiderivatives of f ( x), and we write

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C if F ( x)  f ( x).

The symbol  is called an integral sign,

and the function f ( x) is called the integrand.

The symbol dx indicates that the antidifferentiation is

performed with respect to the variable x.
The arbitrary constant C is called the constant of
integration.

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 Using Indefinite Integration
Notation
x 3
d  x 3

    
2 2
x dx C since  C  x and
3 dx  3 

t 3
d  t 3
 2
 t dt  3  C since dx  3  C   t and
2

u 3
d  u 3

    
2 2
u dx C since  C  u
3 dx  3 

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 Using Indefinite Integration
Notation

Indefinite integration and differentiation are reverse

operations, except for the addition of the constant of
integration. Symbolically, this is expressed as

d 
 f ( x)dx   f ( x ) and  F ( x)dx  F ( x )  C
dx  

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Formulas: Indefinite Integrals of
Basic Functions
For C a constant,
n 1
x
1. x n dx   C , n  1
n 1

2. e x dx  e x  C

1
3.  x dx   dx  ln x  C , x  0
1

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Properties: Indefinite Integrals

For k a constant,
4.  k  f ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx

For k a constant,
5.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

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 Example 2 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
(A)  7dx  7 x  C

(B)  4et dt  4 et dt  4et  C

7
x 3 7
(C)  3 x dx  3 x dx  3  C  x  C
6 6

7 7
(D)  (2 x 3  3 x  4) dx   2 x 3dx   3 x dx   4 dx
 2  x 3dx  3 x dx  4  dx
x4 x2
 2  3  4x  C
4 2
x4 3 2
  x  4x  C
2 2
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 Example 2 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
continued
 x 4 1
(E)   3e   dx  3 e dx  4 dx
x

 x x
 3e x  4 ln x  C

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 Example 3 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
5
(A)  4 dx  5 x 4 dx
x
x 41
5 C
4  1
x 3
5 C
3
5 3 5
  x C   3 C
3 3x

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 Example 3 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
continued
(B)  4 t dt  4  t 3 dt
3 2 2

3 1
2
t
4 C
2
3 1
5
t 3

4 5
C
3

3 53 12 5 3
 4 t  C  t  C
5 5

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 Example 3 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
continued
x4  2  x4 2 
(C)  2 dx    2  2  dx
x x x 
   x 2  dx    2 x 2  dx
x3 x 1
 2 C
3 1
x3
  2 x 1  C
3
x3 2
  C
3 x

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 Example 3 Using Indefinite
Integral Properties and Formulas
continued
 2 
(D)   3  6 x  dx   2 x  6 x 2 dx
 x 
 13 1
 
 2 x  13
dx  6  x 2 dx
1

(  13 ) 1 ( 1 2 ) 1
x x
2 1 6 1 C
 3 1 2 1
2 3
x 3
x 2

2 2
6 3
C
3 2

 3x  4 x 2  C
2 3
3

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 19
 Example 4 Application
Find a Particular Antiderivative
Find the equation of the curve that passes through (3, 5) if the
slope of the curve is given by dy/dx = 2x at any point x.
Solution
We seek a function y = f(x) that meets the conditions
dy
 2 x and y  5 when x  3
dx
dy
If  2 x, then y   2 x dx  x 2  C
dx
For y  x 2  C when x  3 and y  5, we find C.
5  32  C gives 5  9  C and C  4.
y  x 2  4 is the particular antiderivative
that meets the given conditions.
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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 20
 Example 5 Cost Function
If the marginal cost of producing x units of a commodity is
given by C´(x) = 0.3x2 + 2x with fixed costs of $3,000, find
the cost function C(x) and the cost of producing 30 units.

Solution Recall that marginal cost is the derivative of the cost

function C(x) and fixed cost is the cost when no items are
produced, C(0).
We are to find C(x), given C´(x) = 0.3x2 + 2x and C(0)= 3,000.

C ( x)   (0.3x 2  2 x) dx  0.1x 3  x 2  K
C (0)  0.1(0)3  (0) 2  K  3, 000 so K  3, 000
C ( x)  0.1x 3  x 2  3, 000
C (30)  0.1(30)3  (30) 2  3, 000  $6, 600
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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 21
 Example 6 Advertising
A satellite radio station launched an aggressive advertising
campaign 16 days ago in order to increase the number of
daily listeners. The station currently has 27,000 daily
listeners, and management expects the number of daily
listeners, S(t) to grow at the rate,
S (t )  60t 2 listeners per day, where t is the number of days
1

since the campaign began.

How much longer should the campaign last if the station
wants the number of listeners to grow to 41,000?

Solution We solve the equation S(t) = 41,000 for t, given that

S (t )  60t and S (16)  27, 000
1
2

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Example 6 Advertising continued
With S (t )  60t S (t )   60t 2 dt
1 1
2

3
t 2

 60 3
C
2

 40t 2  C
3

S (16)  40(16) 2  C  27, 000

3

so C  27, 000  40(16) 2  24, 440

3

and S (t )  40t 2  24, 440

3

Solve S (t )  41, 000 for t.

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 23
Example 6 Advertising continued

S (t )  40t 2  24, 440  41, 000

3

40t 2  41, 000  24, 440

3

40t 2  16,560
3

t 2  414
3

t  414 3  55.5478
2

The advertising campaign should last about 56 – 16 = 40

more days.

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 24
 Chapter 11
Integration

Section 2
Integration by
Substitution

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 Review-The Chain Rule
Recall the chain rule for differentiating the composition of functions:
d
f [ g ( x)]  f [ g ( x )]  g ( x )
dx

The right side is formed by taking the derivative of the exterior

function f and multiplying it by the derivative of the interior
function g.

Recognizing an integrand as a chain-rule form E´[I(x)]·I´(x),

allows easily finding an antiderivative and indefinite integral.

 E [ I ( x)]I ( x) dx  E[ I ( x)]  C

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Formulas for General Indefinite
Integrals

n 1
[ f ( x )]
1.  [ f ( x)]n  f ( x) dx   C , n  1
n 1

2.  e f ( x )  f ( x) dx  e f ( x )  C

1
3.  f ( x)
 f ( x) dx  ln f ( x)  C

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 Example 1 Reversing the Chain
Rule
(A) Find the indefinite integral  ( x 5  2) 3 (5 x 4 ) dx

Solution This example uses formula 1.

Let f ( x)  x 5 – 2, then f ´( x)  5 x 4 and

    f ( x) dx
5 3 4 5
( x 2) (5 x ) dx [ f ( x )]

( x 5
 2) 4

  ) dx  C
5 3 4
( x 2) (5 x
4

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 Example 1 Reversing the Chain
Rule
(B) Find the indefinite integral  e (3x 2 ) dx x3

Solution This example uses formula 2.

Let f ( x)  x 3 , then f ´( x)  3 x 2 and

  f ( x) dx
x3
e (3 x 2
) dx  e f ( x)

e
x3 x3
(3 x ) dx  e  C
2

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 Example 1 Reversing the Chain
Rule
1
(C) Find the indefinite integral  4 x 3
dx
1 x 4

Solution This example uses formula 3.

Let f ( x)  1  x 4 , then f ´( x)  4 x 3 and

1 1
 1  x 4 4 x dx   f ( x) f ( x) dx
3

1
 1  x4   C
3 4
4 x dx ln 1 x

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 Integration by Substitution

Recognizing the integrand forms for formulas 1, 2, and 3 of

the general indefinite integrals is key to using the formula.

When these forms are not obvious, the method of substitution

can be used to simplify the integrand to determine if the form
fits the use of one of the formulas.

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 Definition Differentials

If y = f(x) defines a differentiable function, then

1. The differential dx of the independent variable x is

an arbitrary real number.

2. The differential dy of the dependent variable y is

defined as the product of f ´(x) and dx:
dy = f ´(x) dx

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 Example 2 Differentials

(A) If y = f(x) = x2, then dy = f ´(x) dx = 2x dx

(B) If u = g(x) = e3x, then du = g´(x) dx = 3e3x dx

(C) If w = h(t) = ln(4 + 5t), then dw  h(t )dt  5

dt
4  5t

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 Example 3 Using Substitution
Find  ( x 2  2 x  5) 7 (2 x  2) dx

Solution If u = x2 + 2x + 5, then du = (2x + 2) dx

Then  ( x 2  2 x  5)7 (2 x  2) dx   u 7 du

u8
 C
8
1 2
 ( x  2 x  5)8  C
8

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 General Indefinite Integral
Formulas

n 1
u
4.  u n du   C , n  1
n 1

5.  eu du  eu  C

1
6.  du  ln u  C
u
These formulas are valid if u is an independent variable,
or if u is a function of another variable and du is the
differential of u with respect to that variable.

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 Procedure Integration by
Substitution
Step 1 Select a substitution that appears to simplify the
integrand. In particular, try to select u so that du is a factor
in the integrand.

Step 2 Express the integrand entirely in terms of u and du,

completely eliminating the original variable and its
differential.

Step 3 Evaluate the new integral if possible.

Step 4 Express the antiderivative found in step 3 in terms of

the original variable.

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 Example 4 Using Substitution
Use substitution to find the indefinite integral.

 
3 4 2
( x 5) (3 x ) dx
Step 1 Select u.
Let u = x3 – 5, then du = 3x2 dx
Step 2 Express the integral in terms of u.

    du
3 4 2 4
( x 5) (3 x ) dx u
Step 3 Integrate.
5
u
 du  5  C
4
u
Step 4 Express the answer in terms of x.
5
u 1 3
      C
3 4 2 5
( x 5) (3 x ) dx C ( x 5)
5 5
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 Example 5
Use substitution to find the indefinite integral.
 ( x 2  5)1/2 (2 x)dx
Step 1 Select u.
Let u = x2 + 5, then du = 2x dx
Step 2 Express the integral in terms of u.

    du
2 1/2 1
( x 5) ( 2 x ) dx u 2

Step 3 Integrate.
3
u 2
2 32
u du  C  u C
1
2
3
2 3
Step 4 Express the answer in terms of x.

2 2
    C
2 1 3
( x 5) 2 x dx ( x
2
5) 2

3
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 Example 6
Use substitution to find the indefinite integral.

 
3 4 2
( x 5) x dx
Let u = x3 – 5, then du = 3x2 dx
du has a factor of 3 that is not in the integrand. We obtain the
required factor of 3 as follows
1
    
3 4 2 3 4 2
( x 5) x dx ( x 5) 3 x dx
3
1 4
  u du
3
1 u5
  C
3 5
1
 ( x3  5)5  C
15

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 Example 7
Integrate  x e 2 4 x3
dx.

Let u = 4x3, then du = 12x2 dx

du has a factor of 12 that is not in the integrand.
1 4 x3
 
2 4 x3
x e dx  e 12 x 2
dx
12
1 u
  e du
12
1 u
 e C
12
1 4 x3
 e C
12
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 Example 8
x
Integrate  dx.
(5  2 x )
2 5

Let u = 5 – 2x2, then du = –4x dx

du has a factor of –4 that is not in the integrand.
x 1 4 x 1 4 x dx
 (5  2 x 2 )5 dx   4  (5  2 x2 )5 dx   4  (5  2 x2 )5
1 du
  5
4 u
1  1  4
    u  C
4 4
1
 C
16(5  2 x )
2 4

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 Example 9
Integrate  x( x  6)8 dx

Let u = x + 6, then du = dx.

    du which contains x and does not yet fit

8 8
x ( x 6) dx xu
one of the formulas.

    
8 8
With u = x + 6, then x = u – 6 and x u du (u 6)u du

    
8 9 8
(u 6)u du (u 6u ) du

  u 9 du   6u 8 du
u10 u9
  6  C
10 9
1 2
 ( x  6)  ( x  6)9  C
10

10 3
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 42
 Example 10 Price-Demand

A company finds that the marginal price p´(x) at a supply

level of x bottles of baby shampoo per week is given by
300
p( x) 
(3x  25) 2

Find the price-supply equation if the distributor of the

shampoo is willing to supply 75 bottles each week at a price
of $1.60 per bottle.

Solution We find p(x) for x = 75 and p(75) = $1.60.

300
p( x)   p( x) dx   dx
(3x  25) 2

Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 43
 Example 10 Price-Demand
continued
300
p( x)   p( x) dx   dx
(3x  25) 2

Let u = 3x + 25 then du = 3dx

3dx du
p( x)  100   100  2
(3 x  25) 2
u
100
 C
u
100
p( x)  C
3 x  25

Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 44
 Example 10 Price-Demand
continued
100
p( x)  C
3 x  25
100
Since p  75   $1.60, p(75)   C  1.60
3  75  25

0.4  C  1.60 so C  2
100
p( x)  2
3 x  25

Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 45