Chapter 2 :

Colour Order System

1
 2.1 Introduction

It is a common practice to describe the color in terms

of red ,green or greenish - yellow, etc.

This is not sufficient to communicate complete details

of about the color. Eg. Greenish - yellow does not carry

any sense of how much green ? How much yellow ?
The methods devised to quantitatively describe the

color are called as color order system.

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 A colour-order system is a set of principles that defines:
(a) an arrangement of colours according to attributes
such that the more similar their attributes, the closer
are the colours located in the arrangement, and

(b) a method of denoting the locations in the arrangement,

and hence of the colours at these locations.

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 ...continued...

Color order system can be classified into two

groups :

(1) Color order systems which are based on collection

of samples- Munsell color order system, Ostwald
system, OSA-UCS system ,ISCC -NBS, Natural color
system , Chroma Cosmos 5000 and many others.
• Each of this systems represented by its own color
atlas.

• The atlas contains various color chips which are

arranged in a definite configuration and are identified by
definite name or numbers.
4 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued ...

(2) Color order system which describe the color

by mathematical numbers - Hunter L,a, b, CIE
system and others.
The description of color in these systems are based on

the measurement of spectral reflectance of the

sample.
These color order systems are used in instrumental

color measurements.
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 2.2 Description of Color/Color Attributes
Color can be described by its three parameters:
 Hue -red, yellow, green .....
 Lightness (value, luminosity, brightness) - gray ,dark gray ,black
 Chroma ( Saturation) - tomato- red, chilly- red, apple- red, cherry -red.

These attributes form the basis for color atlas. They are
commonly known as psychophysical color parameters.
 The function of color atlas is to assist the color users to
describe, select and match colors
Various color order systems consisting of color atlas are
proposed in the literature . Out of all these systems Munsell
Color Order System (MCOS) is the most widely used for
description of color of industrial products.

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7 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 2.2.1 Munsell Color Order System
The Munsell Color Order System is based on the
collection of samples.
MCOS- describes the color by its psychophysical
dimension: Hue, chroma and lightness.
Munsell samples are prepared to represent equal
intervals of vision perception b/n adjacent samples.
Munsell hue qualify by names.
Munsell hue consists of five principal hues :
Red, Yellow, Green , Blue, Purple and
five intermediate hues as : Yellow-Red, Green -
Yellow, Blue-Green, Purple - Blue and Red- Purple.,

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 ...continued...
Each of 10 hues is divided into 10 steps or any
fractional quantities as 2.5,5,7.5,10.0....

Thus the Munsell hues form a circle

R,YR,Y,GY,G,BG, B,PB,P,RP.

The centre of hue circle is a gray pole varying in

value. This lightness dimension is called as Munsell
value.

The Munsell value varies from black at bottom with

9
'0' value to white at top with value of 10.
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 Munsell Color Order System

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5GY 8/2 :
Hue:5GY
Value:8
Chroma:2

Fig.2.1 Munsell system (Munsell value, hue circle & chroma)

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 Fig 2.2: Munsell value, and chroma scales in color space
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 Assignment –3
 Prepare short note on the following color order
systems:
(a) OSA-UCS : PG=2
(b) ISCC -NBS : PG=3
(c) Natural color system: PG= 5
(d) Chroma Cosmos 5000: PG=1
(e) DIN system : PG=7
(f) Coloroid System : PG=6

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 2.2.2 CIE System
CIE-(Commission international d’éclairage),
International commission on illuminant.
Perception of color includes source, object and observer.
The CIE system is important in color measuring instrument
and computer color matching technique.
2.2.2.1 CIE standard illuminant
 In physics important group of sources of light are
called balack bodies.
 The term 'black bodies' was originally used in recognition
such a model source would radiate energy perfectly and
conversely would absorb light perfectly ,without reflecting
any of it away ,in the manner of an ideal black object.
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 ...continued...
Now a days such a model source is referred an
ideal ,full or plankian radiation.
The color of black bodies depend on their
temperature not on their chemical composition.
The temperature of black body is called as its color
temperature.
When a coal fire is lit or when the bar of an electric
fire is switched on :
first glows - dull red, then orange red, then orange-
yellow and eventually it approaches the white hot
stage as temperature rises.

15 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...

 The spectral power distribution (SPD)of an ideal black

body can be predicted from their color temperature using

a well known Plank's law of radiation or correlated to
color temperature.

 Thus SPD of a 100 Watt tungsten lump closely

approximate to energy radiated by black body
temperature of 2856 K.
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 ...continued...
Similarly, the day light SPD is equivalent to energy
radiated by black body at 6500 K.
Following this criteria CIE defined the standard
sources based on their temperature.
 In 1931 CIE recommended three standard illuminates
for color calculations, and these sources are called as
CIE standard illuminates: A,B & C.
The recommendation of CIE is based on the result of
study of day light by Judd and others.
CIE illuminant s : A has color tempe. ,of 2856 K
: B has color tempe. ,of 4874 K(the
SPD of
17 Zewdie k. illuminant B closely resembles to
06/21/2021
...continued...
:C has color temperature of about 6774 K ( the SPD
similar to average day light )

• CIE defined the standard illuminates with their SPD in

visible Wavelength range from 380- 780 nm.

• But with development of fluorescent colorants and

fluorescent whitening agents , in 1965 CIE defined the day
light illuminant D65 ; with color temperature of 6500 K,

• In addition CIE also defined fluorescent sources of F1,F2 &

F3 to enable to calculate metameric indices of any product
( CIE 1972).
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 700
546.1
435.8
19 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Zewdie k.
...continued ...
Different results would be obtained by any two
observers using sets of primaries.
Even if we use very pure colors for set of primaries there
will be some very pure colorants that we can not
match .
For example, very pure cyan ( blue-green) might be
more saturated than the colors obtained by mixing the
blue and green primaries.
Adding the 3rd primary (R) would produce even less
saturated mixture.

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 ...continued...
A possible solution in this case would be to add some red
primary to test color to match it
R B

In practice , this procedure allows all colors to be matched

using one set of primaries but, it must not be possible to much
any one of the primaries using the a mixture of other two . Then :
B R

 Hence, the tristiumulus values of test color are -R, B and G -

that one of tristiumulus values is negative - negative values
are undesirable .
21 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 if the primaries are red [R], green [G] and blue [B], we can match
any colour using proportions of R, G and B represented by r, g and
b respectively

. P

To match any point within the triangle, we would require, P = r.R + g.G + b.B
where all values are positive.
However, if we have to match a colour, M, we would require M = – r.R + g.G +
b.B with appropriate proportions so that it meets equation .,,,.(r+g+b=1)
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 ...continued...

 The above conditions implies that there is no set of real

primary colors that can be used to match all colors using
positive amounts of the primaries - in other words no set of
real primaries exist that will eliminate negative tristimulus
values entirely.
 Negative tristimulus values would be a nuisance in practice

and in CIE system imaginary primaries are used so as to

avoid negative values.
 The result obtained using real primaries are shown in Figure

23 2.3 prior
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 Fig. 2.3 the curves of r ,g & b equal energy spectrum for a particular set
of primaries for 2o field of view
24 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
This set of numbers r, g & b over visible spectral
region was adopted as CIE standard observers data.
In 1931 , CIE decided to eliminate, -ve numbers from
observer data. Therefore, a mathematical
transformations of standard observer data was made
replacing the real primaries
( red,green & blue ) by new imaginary primaries.
CIE selected one set of primaries and defined
standard observer data , and .
 The new set of data , , are known as the
2o, 1931 standard observer data as shown in Figure
2.4.
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 The CIE rgb chromaticity figure showing the coordinates of the
primaries and the locus of the spectral colours (2° visual field)
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  The appropriate equations (to three significant figures)
for transformation of the rgb colour matching
functions to the xyz set (2°visual field) are:

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 Fig 2.4 color matching function for CIE 1931 2o, observer
28 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...

The
 CIE 1931 2o, observer data were prepared using fovea region of
human eye.

In
 practice, in visual assessment of color, one uses larger areas of retina
surface. The structure of fovea and the surrounding region of the retina
is different.

Therefore
 in 1964 defined another observer data using 10o, field of view.
The supplementary
 10 , 10 , 10 were derived from color
matching experiments carried out using 10o, field of view.

In
 this case the curve for do not coincide with eye response
curve.
10

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 ...continued...

Therefore, tristimulus value determined using

supplementary observer data do not truly represent the
lightness of the color , however, the difference is not
great.

The CIE 1964 supplementary standard observer data

are shown in Figure 2.5 along with 2o, observer data.

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 `
color matching function Values

Fig.2.5 Comparison of color matching functions

31 Zewdie k. of CIE 2o and 10o observer 06/21/2021
 2.2.2.3 Characteristics of Object

The CIE system of object is characterised by its

reflectance at different wavelengths in visible
spectrum region with respect to perfect diffusers.

The perfect diffuser reflect 100 % light energy

incident on it with equal amount of engage
reflected in all possible directions.

32 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 2.2.2.4 CIE Tristimulus values
In previous section ,the methods used to express
source, object and observer in number were
considered.
In 1931 CIE proposed a method to reduce these
sets of numbers in three numbers called as CIE
tristimulus values of X,Y,Z.

The values are determined by multiplying:

 The relative power of 'P' of CIE illuminant,
The reflectance factor 'R' and

33 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
• Each color matching functions of , and
for wavelengths in visible spectral and adding
them to give:

X= ∫λ PR dλ

Y= ∫λ PR dλ ……(2.1)

Z= ∫λ PR dλ

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Fig .2.6 Quantification of color using source ,object & observer
35 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
Tristimulus Values – X, Y & Z
37 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Fig .2.7 Methods of calculations of CIE tristimulus values of
color.
38 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
39 Zewdie k. Methods of calculations of CIE tristimulus 06/21/2021
values of color.
 ...continued....

It is proposed that calculations of discrete wavelengths

400(10)700 nm or 400(20)700 nm adequate for color

calculations.
• For textile 16 points calculations i.e, 400(20)700 nm
is normally adequate.
• Therefore , the integral equation 2.1, can be
substituted by summation:
• ,

40 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
  X, Y and Z are arbitrary values and have no units,
while
 tristimulus values are numbers which represent how
the human eye-brain responds to or sees a colour.
 Y defines the luminance factor and is normalized so

that it lies between 0–100.

 The Y value for all illuminants is normalized to 100,
while X and Z vary, Z more significantly than X.

41 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
In calculations ,the reflectance factor scales from 0 to 1.
By convention Y is set to 100 for ideal white reflecting
object, all energy incident on it.
Thefore;

k= 100 /

• This enables to normalize the table of P P , P , and P

depending upon that calculations of tristimulus values
are carried our using 16 or 31 points of reflectance data.

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43 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
The products, P ,P are P cal called as weights for
calculations of CIE tristimulus values of any color.
Two colors having the same values of tristiulus of X Y Z
under given illuminant will appear exactly identical under that
illuminant.
 CIE tristimulus values though precisely describe the color, donot give
any information about how the color look like, only Y coordinate
gives the information about the lightness of color.
 If the colors of two objects have tristimulus values :
X1= 48.36 Y1= 60.14 Z1= 11.50
X2 = 53.20 Y2= 66.15 Z2= 12.65
Hence, one conclude that the color of the second object is lighter
than the first object. The CIE system describe the color in
44
objective terms ,but not give information about appearance of
color.
 2.3 Chromaticity Coordinates
To describe color in two dimensional plot, CIE
defined chromaticity coordinates , which provides
some information about hue and saturation of color.
Chromaticity coordinate are defined by equation :
x= X/(X+Y +Z)
y= Y/(X+Y+Z) -----(2.3)
z = Z/(X +Y+Z)
 Note : x+y+z = 1, therefore, the third parameter can be
determined if two are known.
 In practice only x and y coordinates are plotted.
 The locus of plot x ,y coordinate spectral colors give a
horse shoe of shaped curve.
45 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 The CIE xy chromaticity figure for the 1931 standard observer
(2°visual field)
46 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...

The extreme ends are connected to complete the

figure. This is called as chromaticity diagram.

The illuminant C having chromaticity coordinates of

x= 0.310 and y = 0.317 almost lie at the centre of the
diagram.

47 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Fig .2.8 : Chromaticity diagram indicating locations of
48
CIE illuminants 06/21/2021
 Fig.2.9 : Chromaticity diagram indicating color in different regions -these
colors are approximately correct if viewed
in daylight
49 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Scientific & Industry-specific Color systems

50
 ...continued...
The object color coresponding to x = 0.6 and y = 0.3
will appear red.
In Figure 2.10 , the color lying in triangle, formed
by illuminant point C and extreme point A and D are
non -spectrum colors.
All the colors lying above the triangle are spectrum
colors.
If three primaries represented by points R 1, B1 and G1
are used to produce gamut of colors by additive
mixing , only the colors lying in the triangle
formed by these three primaries will produced.

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 Fig.2.10 :CIE chromaticity diagram illustrating additive
52 color mixing and spectrum - non spectrum 06/21/2021
 The CIE System

53 06/21/2021
 ...continued..

All real colors will lie within the area enclosed by chromaticity
diagram . For example x=0.7 and y= 0.6 will lie outside the
chromaticity diagram and can not be produced by physical
means.
The chromatocitiy diagram can be used to predict the colors
resulting by additive color mixing. It is inadequate to predict the
colors resulted by subtractive color mixing.
We have seen that r, g, b are converted to , and
by imaginary primaries.
 Let as examine where these primaries lie on a chromaticity
diagram:
x = 1, y= 0 ; x=0, y= 1 and x= 0, y=0.
Thus the points corresponding to imaginary primaries lie outside
the diagram. Therefore they donot represent real colors.
54 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Chromaticity diagrams:
The chromaticity
diagram is in many
ways similar to a color less saturated colors

tree saturated
• A chromaticity diagram wavelength
colors
has a fixed brightness or
lightness for all colors
• Wavelength colors are on
the horseshoe rim but
non-wavelength colors
saturated
like magenta are on the non-wavelength
flat part of the rim colors
• Inside are the less
saturated colors, including
white at the interior
Uses of a chromaticity diagram

To identify colors with three

numbers
To predict the results of additive

mixing
To understand complementary colors

To find the dominant hue of a color

 Using the chromaticity diagram to identify
colors
 The numbers that we use to identify a
color are its x-value and y-value inside the
diagram and a z-value to indicate its
brightness or lightness
 x and y specify the chromaticity of a color
• Example: Apple pickers are told around the
country that certain apples are best picked
when they are a certaim red (see black dot)
• Since the chromaticity diagram is a world
standard the company can tell its employees
to pick when the apples have chromaticity
• x = 0.57
• y = 0.28
 The "purest" white is at x = 0.33 and y =
0.33
 Chromaticity diagram can be related to
colors in Photoshop
 Using the chromaticity diagram to understand the
result of additive mixing of colors
 An additive mixture of two wavelength Note — this works for adding
colors lies along the line joining them two colors in middle also!
 Example: The colors seen by mixing
700 nm red and 500 nm green lie along
the line shown
 Where along the line is the color of the
mixture?
 Answer depends on the relative
intensities of the 700 nm red and the
500 nm green.
• Here is what you get when the green is
much more intense than the red (a green)
• Here is what you get when the red is
much more intense than the green (a red)
• Here is what you get when the red is
slightly more intense than the green (a
yellow)
Using the chromaticity diagram to understand
complementary colors

 The complement to any

wavelength color on the edge of
the chromaticity diagram is
obtained by drawing a straight
line from that color through
white to the other edge of the
diagram
• Example: The complement to
700 nm red is 490 nm cyan
• Example: The complement to
green is magenta - a non-
wavelength color
 Using the chromaticity diagram to find the dominant
hue of a color in the interior of the diagram

 To find the dominant hue of the

color indicated by the black dot
• Draw st. line from white through
the point to get dominant
wavelength, and hence, hue (547
nm green)
 Works because additive mixture
of white with a fully-saturated
(wavelength) color gives the
desaturated color of the original
point
 2.4 Dominant Wavelength and Purity

 Dominant Wavelength and Purity are other coordinates known as

Helmohltz used to define colors.
 In chromaticity diagram all the spectrum colors lie above the
triangle formed by connecting the points corresponding to illuminant
C ,red and blue as shown in Fig.2.10.
 The purple or magenta colors are not spectrum colors (spectrum
colors :colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wave
length only).
Tips
Non-spectral colors
 Grayscale (achromatic) colors, such as white, gray, and black.
 Any color obtained by mixing a gray-scale color and another color (either spectral or not),
such as pink (a mixture of a reddish color and white) or brown (a mixture of orange and black
or grey).
 Violet-red colors, which in color theory include line of purples colors (such as,
approximately, magenta and rose), and other variations of purple and red.
 Impossible colors, which can not be seen under normal viewing of light, such as over-
saturated colors or colors that are seemingly brighter than white.
61 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
All the colors above the triangle can be obtained by a
mixture of illuminant C be one of the spectrum colors.
For example, color represented by G can be obtained
by a mixture of illuminant C and a spectrum color of
wavelength 544 nm as shown in Fig.2.11.
This is called as dominant wavelength of that color.
The ratio of the distance of sample from illuminant to
the distance of illuminant from the spectrum point is
called as purity P of the color.

Purity = (a/(a +b))

Percentage of Purity = (a/(a +b)) x 100
62 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Fig.2.11: Chromaticity diagram illustrating the dominant
wavelength ,purity and complementary dominant wavelength
63 06/21/2021
 About XYZ Space
When two color A and B are added
together new color C lies on the line
connects both colors.
In the side Figure, B defines the dominant
wavelength, and the ratio AC to BC expressed
as a percent of the excitation purity of A.
The closer A to C the more light A includes.

Complementary colors are those that can be

mixed to produce white light. D and E on the
side Figure are complementary colors.
Nonspectral color are those that can not be
defined by dominant wavelength such as F.
Color gamuts or color ranges is the effect of
adding colors together
 ...continued...
The accurate value of purity can be calculated from the
coordinates of the corresponding points :

or .....(2.4 )

where , (X,Y) refer to sample coordinate

( Xw,Yw)- are illuminant coordinate
(Xb, Yb)- refer to chromaticity coordinate of
dominant
wavelength point at the boundary of
Zewdie k.
chromaticity diagram
65 06/21/2021
 ...Continued...

Here both the formula are equivalent ,but the first

one is used when the line connecting two points

near to horizontal. The other is used when line is
near to vertical.
Purity and dominant wavelength provides

information about how the color look like .

66 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 2.5 Y,x,y Color solid
Y -coordinate in tristimulus value relate to visual perception
to lightness of color.
x and y coordinates - to some extent give information
about hue and chroma of color.
Let as consider CIE tristimulus values of two objects under
illuminant C:
(a) X1= 48.36 Y1= 60.14 Z1= 11.50
(b) X2 = 53.20 Y2= 66.15 Z2= 12.65
 We convert the coordinate to x,y and Y coordinates.
x1 = 0.4030 y1= 0.5012 Y1= 60.14
x2 = 0.4030 y2= 0.5012 Y2= 66.15
 This shows that both the objects (a) and (b) have the same
67 06/21/2021
hue and chroma and object (b) is lighter than object (a).
 ...Continued...
The three dimension color space with Y-axis arising
from illuminant C point in chromaticity diagram is
shown Figure 2.12.
In this Figure ,only the colors of low luminance such
as spectral colors ,lie away from illuminant axis with
increase in lightness , the number of the color away
from illuminant axis decreases and finally at
Y=100 ,it becomes a point, this shown in Figure 2.12.
In Y,x,y coordinate system white is located at point on
the top. For Ideal black reflectance is zero, and hence
color co-ordinates X,Y Z are zero.
The value of x and y are indeterminate .Thus black lie
any where on the plane with Y=0
68 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Fig.2.12 : Lightness scale included in x,y color space
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 Fig.2.13: In CIE x,y Y color solid .The location of black is not
Zewdie k.
uniquely defined
70 06/21/2021
The chromaticity
diagram is the
base of a three-
dimensional figure
with a lightness axis
(Y axis) at right
angles to the plane
of the diagram
starting at the point
for the illuminant.

 Contour diagram showing the range of chromaticity

coordinates (CIE 1931) for values of Y equal to 40, 80
and 90.
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 The point at the centre of the figure gives the chromaticity
 2.6 Transformation of the CIE system
The important feature of CIE system are that it represents
additive color mixing.
Attempts are made to correlate CIE coordinates with
visual assessment of color though it is not really
supposed to do so. What is CIE then supposed to do?
CIE system is not equally visually spaced system. On the
other hand Mussel system is equally visually spaced
system ,i,e. equal change in Munsell coordinates gives
the equal change in visual perception of color.
The visual non-uniformity of CIE system can be judged
by plotting Munsell colors of constant hue and chroma on
chromacticity digaram. This is shown in Figure 2.14.
72 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 Fig.2.14 : Plot of Munsell Hue and Chroma of value of 5
73 Zewdie k. on CIE x,y color space 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
The lines corresponding to perceived hue are curved
in CIE system than straight lines in Munsell system.
The loci of points constant Munsell chroma are ovals
on CIE chromaticity diagram and not exact circles as
in Munsell system.
Attempts are made to transform CIE system to obtain
a system which is more nearly equally visually
spaced.
To achieve the goal ,the linear as well as non-linear
transformations of CIE are tried.
The linear transformation preserves the importance
characteristics of additive color mixing ,while non-
linear transformation will not.
74 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 2.6.1 Linear Transformation of the CIE system
Various linear transformations of CIE chromaticity
coordinate are proposed by many authors to improve the
visual spacing of CIE system.
One of them was named as uniform chromaticity
scale(UCS).
The linear transformation of CIE chromaticity
coordinates proposed by MacAdam received more
attention and referred as u,v coordinate.
Thus CIE chromaticity diagram is replaced by u,v
diagram.
The white point corresponding to CIE illuminant C
now no longer remains at centre of the diagram as shown
75
in Figure
Zewdie k. 2.15. 06/21/2021
 Fig.2.15 : CIE 1960 u,v chromaticity diagram
76 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
When Munsell colors are plotted in u,v color space ,do not
give uniform spacing.
The locus of constant Munsell hue is not a straight line and
that of constant Munsell chroma are not complete circles.
Later on, it was proposed to change v coordinate by 50 %
to improve the Munsell spacing.
These new coordinates are denoted as u’ ,v’
(Eastward,1973)

, ,
 The plot of Munsell color space on u’ ,v’ color space
77 reveals
Zewdie k.
that we have not yet reached real uniformly06/21/2021
 2.6.2 Non-Linear Transformation and Opponent
Type Color Order system
The normal observer discriminate the color as light-dark, yellow-
blue and red-green .These are called psychological primaries.
The important fact about these psychological primaries is that all
of the possible combinations of pairs can not be perceived
simultaneously.
The perceived combined sensations are observed as follows:
Possible Impossible
redness +yellowness redness + greenness
yellowness + greenness yellowness +blueness
greenness + blueness
blueness + redness

78 06/21/2021
 ...Continued...
 The color can not be perceived as red and green or yellow and blue
simultaneously.
 Thus red-ness or green-ness can be expressed by a single number and
yellow-ness and blue-ness by anther number.
 Based on the above facts the opponent color coordinate system was
proposed.
 In this system of coordinate:
'a' measures red-ness or green-ness - it is +ve, if the object is red
and -ve, if it is green
'b' measures yellow-ness or blue-ness - it is +ve, if the object is
yellow and -ve, if it is blue.
The third coordinate 'L' describes lightness - it runs from 0 for
black to 100 for white.
First opponent color order system was proposed by Hunter as shown in
79 Figure 2.16. 06/21/2021
 where Xn, Yn and Zn are the tristimulus values, for a
particular standard illuminant and observer, for a
sample reflecting 100% of the light at all wavelengths.

80 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
81 Zewdie k. Fig.2.16 : Hunter opponent color space
06/21/2021
82 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
This opponent type color order system are most popular
for industrial use as it describes the color ,the way in
which the eye perceives.
 It can be seen that Hunter L,a,b coordinate are
obtained by non-linear transformation of CIE
coordinates.
When the non-linear transformation are made ,the
additive mixing features associated with CIE system are
no longer maintained.
The non-linear transformation will completely change
the CIE chromaticity diagram.
Therefore, in CIE terminology the resulting a,b, L
diagram can no longer be called as chromaticity
83
diagram ,though it still displays the chromatic character
Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...Continued...
It is called as psychometric chroma diagram or
only chroma diagram.
MacAdam in 1973 suggested L*,a*,b* color space in
CIE as modificatin of Hunter L,a,b coordinates with
abbreviation CIELAB (EIE 1978)
At the same time CIE also recommended to convert
u',v' in opponent type variables by subtracting u’n and
v’n of white from that of object. Thus u’-un’ represent
yellow-ness and blue-ness .
The uncertainty in location of black is eliminated by
multiplying each opponent by L* ,thus uniquely
located on neutral axis.

84 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021
 ...continued...
This modified coordinate are termed as L*,u*,v* and

the system known as 1976 CIE L*,u*,v* abbreviated as

CIELUV
The CIELAB and CIELUV systems are referred as

uniform color space but they are approximately

uniform only .
The CIELAB system is used for textiles

All the color measuring instruments incorporate

85 program in their microprocessor to compute the06/21/2021

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86 Zewdie k. 06/21/2021