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Color Difference Measurement

The document discusses color difference measurement and chromaticity diagrams. It explains that chromaticity diagrams map true colors and represent color quality through hue and chroma coordinates. Color differences are represented by changes in a color's location on the diagram. The CIE recommended CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces to standardize measurement as they are visually uniform. Total color difference is calculated using ΔE* values, which provide some information on the nature of the difference but not complete details. Acceptability of color differences depends on agreed tolerance limits rather than strict perceptibility.

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88 views13 pages

Color Difference Measurement

The document discusses color difference measurement and chromaticity diagrams. It explains that chromaticity diagrams map true colors and represent color quality through hue and chroma coordinates. Color differences are represented by changes in a color's location on the diagram. The CIE recommended CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces to standardize measurement as they are visually uniform. Total color difference is calculated using ΔE* values, which provide some information on the nature of the difference but not complete details. Acceptability of color differences depends on agreed tolerance limits rather than strict perceptibility.

Uploaded by

Habete Itf
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3 :

Color Difference Measurement


Introduction
When the CIE trstimulus values of the standard and the
sample do not match ,the color difference can be calculated
from the difference in values X,Y,Z.
In good old days the overall color difference was
determined using equation:
∆ E = ((∆X)2 + (∆Y)2 + (∆Z)2)1/2
where , ∆ E color difference
∆ E - stands for difference in color sustentation. This
equation did not work satisfactorily. In several cases the
equal perceptual color difference gave ∆ E value varying
by 30:1.

2 Zewdie k. 2015
3.1 Color Difference and Chromaticity
Diagram
 Color of an object is qualified by its lightness, hue and saturation
 The lightness is expressed by tristimulus value of Y, hence color
quality of an object is represented by hue and chroma.
 These parameters are described by chromaticity coordinates of x
and y.
 The outline of chromaticity diagram represent most vivid ( high
chroma ) colors, while as we move away from the boundary the
vividness or saturation of color decreases.
 All the real colors lie inside the chromaticty diagram.
 The curved part of the left hand boundary shows short wavelength
colors from violet at bottom to blue ,bluish -green to green top.
 On the right hand boundary it represents greenish- yellow, yellow,
orange to red at the bottom.
3 Zewdie k. 2015
...continued...
The straight line closing the diagram corresponds to most
saturated or vivid colors as red, red-purple, true purple and
purple and purple violet.
 Thus chromaticity diagram is a map of true colors.
 The colors represented by points outside the diagram can never be
produced.
The color quality i.e., hue and saturation of an object is
represented by a point on a chromaticity diagram.
Any change in location of a point of the point on
chromaticity diagram gives perceptible color difference.
 CIE is not recognized as equally visually spaced system,
equal change in point on chromaticity diagram does not
represent perceptually equal color difference.
4 Zewdie k. 2015
Fig.3.1 : Chromaticity diagram illustrating tolerance for yellow
color (schematic diagram with large tolerance)
5 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued...
If the sample prepared to match the color one
representing by the point 1,2,3 and 4 Figure 3.1,then

the sample 1, will be redder,

sample 2, will be greener ,


sample 3 will be stronger (high purity) or more saturated
and
sample 4 will be lighter (low purity or weaker) as
compared to standard.
6 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued...
CIE recommended two color spaces : CIELAB and CIELUV
to maintain uniformity in practice,

This is used as to ease communication of academic works


carried out at different laboratories and also for characterizing
the products manufactured by different industrial organizations

This was essential as a number of coloring measurements were


coming in the market.

The CIE x,y, Y color space is not visually uniform. Therefore,


the color difference equations in corresponding to CIELAB and
CIELUV should always correlate with visual assessment data.

7 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued... Zewdie k. 2015

The total color difference in CIELAB and CIELUV color


space is expressed by ∆ E *ab and ∆ E* uv.

∆ E *ab = (( ∆L*)2 + (∆a*)2 + (∆b*)2)1/2


Where,
∆L* = L*sample - L*standard
∆a* = a*sample - a*standard
∆b* = b*sample - b*standard

∆ E *uv = (( ∆L*)2 + (∆u*)2 + (∆v*)2)1/2


Where, ∆L*, ∆u* and ∆v are the difference b/n the
corresponding parameters of sample and standard.
 CIE has recommended CIELAB color order system for
8
textile and paints ,as shown in Figure 3.3
Fig.3.3 :CIELAB color space
9 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued...
The total color difference do not provide complete information
about the nature and magnitude of color difference.
• Much of the information about the color difference can be
inferred by inspecting the values of ∆L*, ∆a* and ∆b* of
color coordinates which are calculated as the difference
b/n the respective coordinates of sample and standard:
∆L* +ve : lighter ; ∆L* -ve : darker
∆a* +ve : redder; ∆a* - ve : greener
∆b* +ve : yellower = ∆b* -ve : bluer
• Further ∆ E * can also be expressed using the lightness
chroma compounds .This will enable to calculate only
hue difference:

10 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued...

∆ E *ab = (( ∆H*ab)2 + (∆L*)2 + (∆C*)2)1/2

∆ E *uv = (( ∆H*uv)2 + (∆L*)2 + (∆C*)2)1/2

∆ H*ab = (( ∆E*ab)2 - (∆L*)2 - (∆Cab*)2)1/2

∆ H*uv = (( ∆E*uv)2 - (∆L*)2 - (∆Cuv*)2)1/2

11 Zewdie k. 2015
3.2 Acceptability Viruses Perceptibility ...
• Color difference can be expressed by single or set of
numbers.
• The objective of color difference measurement is to decide
the dyed product of different batches are acceptable or not.

• The numbers given by color difference equation may not


correspond to visually perceptible color difference ,but
these numbers may be useful in deciding tolerance limit i.e.
Acceptability.
• This can be determined either by coming to some mutual
agreement or from term study of the customer taste of color.
• This tolerance limit can be used to pass or reject the sample
by looking at the numbers.
12 Zewdie k. 2015
...Continued...

It may be noted that once the tolerance limit is decided

by mathematical numbers ; it is valid only for color


difference formula used for calculation.
Further the acceptable limit of tolerance may vary as

customer ,type of shade and nature of product.


In practice the tolerance limit is decided on the

basis of acceptability rather than perceptibility.

13 Zewdie k. 2015

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