‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC
JURISPRUDENCE

Session 4

Bilal Ahmed Qazi

 Presentation Outline

• Ownership
• Causes of ownership
• Diff b/w Ownership and Ibahat
• Diff b/w Ownership of benefit and right to benefit
• Text of the contract
• General Effects on the contracts (‫اــفـاذ‬
‫ لن‬,‫ لاــلزوـم‬,‫) اـإلزلـاـم‬
• Types of sale contract
• Classifications of contracts
• Legal Maxims
 Ownership

Legal impediment which entitles a person to all disposition

‫ـفات‬
( ‫اــصـر‬
‫ ) لت‬except in case of a barrier, Mane’ (‫) لاــمانـعـ‬

It is impediment for persons other than owner.

Barriers:
a. Lack of legal capacity like minor,
b. Joint wealth for partners, Collaterals for the mortgagor
 Causes of Ownership

1. Acquisition of permissible things‫ـحات‬ ( ‫) إـحرـاز لاــمبا‬,

2. Contracts(‫) لاــعقـودـ‬
3. Successiveness (‫) لاــخلفية‬
4. Increase in the property (‫) لاــتولد من لاــمملوك‬
 Causes of Ownership

1. Acquisition of permissible things‫حات‬( ‫) إحرـاز لاــمباـ‬,

provided:
a) It is not preceded by acquisition of another person
b) There is intention to own. (Hunter spreads its trap
and prey falls into it, the hunter does not own it)
 Causes of Ownership

2. Contracts(‫) لاــعقـود‬
3. Successiveness (‫) لاــخلفية‬
a) Inheritance
b) Compensation

4. Increase in the property (‫) لاــتولد من لاــمملوك‬

a) Fruits, animal offspring, wool, milk of
sheep
 Diff b/w Ownership & Ibahat (‫إلباحة‬.‫ملكية و ا‬..‫) لا‬

Ibahat is permission to use or consume. It is lower in status as

compared to Ownership

One cannot sell such thing, but can enjoy the mere utility.

The owner cannot only enjoy the benefits but he has infinite
possibilities to act subjecting the owned asset.
 Diff b/w Ownership of benefit & right to benefit
(‫النتفاع‬.‫ق ا‬.‫ة و ح‬.‫منفع‬..‫)ملك لا‬

Ownership of benefit emanates from a contract like Ijarah, Iárah,

bequest of benefit, waqf (endowment)

Right to benefit is established by these contracts as well as by the

below two reasons:

1. Things are benefited by all people. Like river, common ways,

etc
2. permission by the owner to a particular person to benefit
(‫) إباـحة‬
 Text of the Contract

1. Clarity of meaning
2. Conformity of offer with acceptance (Non conformity in
acceptance will be considered a new offer)
3. Resolved intention ‫ـين‬
( ‫() جزـم اـرإلـادـت‬Present tense or past
tense)
 Writing , Pointing and Inference

• These three replace verbal offer and acceptance

• Pointing is exclusively for dumb.
• Legal Maxim says: Accustomed sign of a dumb is like
explanation with the tongue.
• Inference consists of Taati.
Contracts that does not complete with the offer and
Acceptance(‫لعينية‬..‫لعقود ا‬..‫)ا‬

• Gift (‫) لاــهبة‬

• Lending of an identified thing(‫) اـإلعارة‬
• Entrustment(‫) اـإليداـع‬
• Lending of a specified thing (‫اــرض‬
‫) لقـ‬
• Mortgage(‫) الرــهن‬
 General effects on the contracts

• Specific Effects: Transfer of corpus , of utility , with

compensation, without compensation etc
• General Effects: Consequences which are shared by all
contracts:
• Enforceability(‫اــفـاذ‬ ‫) لن‬
• Obliging (‫) اـإلزلـاـم‬
• Being binding(‫) لاــلزوـم‬
 Enforceability(‫لنفاذ‬..‫)ا‬

• When a contract yields result from the moment of its

conclusion, it is called enforced contract. (‫) لاــنافذ‬

• Opposite of enforceability is cessation ‫موقوف‬

( ‫) لاــ‬

• Ceased contract does not yield the peculiar effects and its
juridical consequences are put to a hold. Like
compulsion. (‫) اـإلكراـهـ‬, contract of legally incompetent
person, contract of uncommissioned person(‫اــضـولـي‬
‫) لف‬
 Obliging(.‫م‬.‫إللزا‬.‫) ا‬

• Every contract obliges the parties to do some acts. Like

paying the price for purchaser etc.
 Binding(.‫لزوم‬..‫) لا‬

• The inability of the parties to unilaterally terminate the

contract.

• Non binding nature of contract is one of the two:

• Inherent non binding contract
• Non binding due to stipulation of an option
 Inherent Non-Binding(.‫لزوم‬..‫) لا‬

Some contracts are binding by nature for both parties:

1. Entrustment (‫) اـإليداـع‬

2. Lending of an identified asset (‫) اـإلعارة‬
3. Shirkat and Mudarabah
4. Mortgage
5. Guarantee
 Inherent non-binding(.‫لزوم‬..‫) لا‬

Some contracts are non-binding by nature, but sometimes

they become binding

1. Agency (binding in case of compensation)

2. Arbitration (binding after the verdict)
3. Bequest (binding after the death of the Musee)
4. Gift (cannot be terminated in case of destruction of
gift)
 Inherent non-binding(.‫لزوم‬..‫) لا‬

Some contracts are binding by nature, but sometimes they

become non-binding

1. Ijarah (‫ألعذار‬
‫بــــ‬
‫اـ‬ ‫نفسخ‬‫) يـــ‬
2. Muzaraáh (‫) لاــمزارعة‬
 Inherent non-binding(.‫لزوم‬..‫) لا‬

There is a contract that was originally non-binding, but

Majallah declared it binding

Istisna’(‫) اـالستصناـع‬
 ‫) س‪.‬لب لا‪..‬لزوم‪Removal of binding effect (.‬‬

‫‪1. Coercion‬‬

‫ـبخيار الرـؤـية‪2. Option (,‬‬

‫ـن خيار لاــعي ‪,‬‬
‫اــقـد‪ ,‬خيار لاــتعيي ‪,‬‬
‫خيار لاــشـرط‪ ,‬خيار لن‬
‫)خيار لاــغبن‬
 Termination of contract
1. Ab initio Invalidation (‫طالن‬‫) بــــ‬
2. Cancellation (‫) لاــفسخ‬
3. Decomposition(‫) اـإلنـفسـاخ‬

• Faskh and Infisakh are jointly called Inhilaal‫) إنـحالـ(ل‬

• Cancellation (‫ ) لاــفسخ‬of all binding contracts is called
(‫) اـإلقاـلة‬, like Ijarah, Kafalah, Sulh, mukharajah etc. Even
Iqalah also accepts iqalah.
• Every contract is cancelled by itself (‫ ) اـإلنـفسـاخ‬if it is
impossible to be executed. Like destruction of sold asset
before giving possession to purchaser, or death of partner
in shirkah (‫) لاــشـرـكة‬, mudaraba(‫ ) لاــمضـاربـة‬, Muzaraáh(‫) لاــمزارعة‬
, Musaqat(‫ ) لاــمسـاقاـة‬.
 Types of Sale
• Valid (‫) لاــبيعـ لاــصحيح‬: It satisfies all the requirements of sale contract.

• Invalid ‫باطل‬
( ‫) اــلبيعـ لاــ‬: Ab Initio invalid. As if there is no sale. This is
due to non existence of a major component of sale contract. (Sale of
non existent, Future sale).

• Invalid (‫اــاسد‬
‫) اــلبيعـ لفـ‬: Some conditions of sale are not satisfied.
Ownership is transferred but sale is mandatory to be terminated.
(Sale of thing not in possession of seller, Contingent sale).

• Makrooh (‫) لاــبيعـ لاــمكروـهـ‬: Sale is valid but impermissible to be

executed. (Sale after Azaan – e – Juma)
 ‫)ا‪..‬لعقود ا‪..‬لمسماة( ‪Nominated Contracts‬‬
‫) لاــشـرـكة(‪11.Al-Shirkah‬‬
‫) لاــبيعـ(’‪1.Al-Bay‬‬
‫) لاــمضـاربة(‪12.Al-Mudarabah‬‬
‫) اـإلجارة(‪2. Al-Ijarah‬‬
‫) لاــمزارعة(‪13.Al-Muzaraáh‬‬
‫) لاــكفـاـلة(‪3. Al-Kafalah‬‬
‫) لاــمسـاقاـة(‪14.al-Musaqat‬‬
‫) لاــحواـلة( ‪4. Al-Hawala‬‬
‫) الوــكالـة(‪15.Al-Wakalah‬‬
‫) الرــهن(‪5. Al-Rahn‬‬
‫) لاــصلح(‪16.Al-Sulh‬‬
‫عـ الوـفاء(‪6. Ba’-ul-Wafa‬‬ ‫) يبــــ‬
‫) لاــتحكيم(‪17.At-Tahkeem‬‬
‫) اـإليداـع(’‪7. Al-Eeda‬‬
‫) لاــمخارجة(‪18.Al-Mukharajah‬‬
‫) اـإلعارة(‪8. Al-Iárah‬‬
‫اــرض(‪19.Al-Qard‬‬
‫) لقـ‬
‫) لاــهبة(‪9. Al-hibah‬‬
‫ي ‪20.Al-Umra‬‬‫) لاــعمر (‬
‫) لاــقسمة(‪10.Al-Qismah‬‬
‫) لاــمواـالة(‪21.Al-Muwalat‬‬
‫) اـإلقاـلة(‪21. Al-Iqalah‬‬
‫) الزـوـاـج(‪22.Al-Ziwaj‬‬
‫) الوـصية(‪23.Al-Wasiyyah‬‬
‫) اـإليـصـاء(‪24.Al-Iisa‬‬
 Nominated Contracts (‫لمسماة‬..‫لعقود غير ا‬..‫)ا‬

Ever changing market dynamics lead to development of new contracts

that were non existent before. Like insurance, multi level marketing
schemes, cryptocurrencies, patents, etc.

These structures have not been given any name in the previous books
of Islamic Jurisprudence. They are called ‫مسماة‬
‫لاــ‬ ‫ لاــعقـود غير‬.
 Classifications of the contracts
Nominated (‫) لاــعقـود لاــمسماة‬
Legitimate Contracts (‫) لاــعقـود لاــمشـروـعة‬
Non Nominated ( ‫لاــعقـود غير‬
Prohibited Contracts (‫) لاــعقـود لاــممنوـعة‬
‫) لاــمسماة‬
Valid (‫لاــعقـود‬
Enforced contracts (‫لاــعقـود‬
‫) لاــصحيحة‬
‫) لاــنافذة‬
Invalid(‫لاــعقـود‬
Ceased contracts (‫) لاــعقـود لاــموقوفة‬
‫اــاسدة‬
‫) لفـ‬
Binding contracts (‫) لاــعقـود لاــالزـمة‬
Execution dependent on
Non-binding contracts(‫لاــعقـود غير‬
possession (‫) لاــعقـود لاــعينية‬
‫) لاــالزـمة‬
Execution does not depend on Fiduciary Contracts (‫) عقـود اـألمانة‬
possession to(‫) لاــعقـود غير لاــعينية‬ Non-Fiduciary liability contracts(‫) عقـود لاــضمان‬
 Classifications of the contracts
Effects wise Classification

1. Effect is the Ownership of corpus or utility. (‫لـــيـن أـو منفعـة‬

‫( ) لاــتملـك ع‬Sale,
Ijarah, Hiba, Iárah, Wasiyyah)

2. Effect is the Partnership. (‫( ) اـإلشترـاك‬Shirkah, Mudarabah, Muzaraáh)

3. Effect is the Authentication (‫( ) لاــتوثـيق‬mortgage, guarantee)

4. Effect is Commissioning (‫اــفـويـض‬

‫) لت‬, (Wakalah, Wasiyyah)

5. Effect is Preservation (‫( ) لاــحفظ‬Al-Iida’‫) اـإليداـع‬

 ‫)ا‪..‬لقوا‪.‬عد ا‪..‬لفقهية( ‪Legal Maxims‬‬

‫‪ The Five Universal Maxims of Islamic Law‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫بــــقـاـصدـها(‬
‫م‬ ‫) اـألمور‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫شك(‬ ‫بــــ‬
‫) لاــيقينالــ زيـــوـل لاــ‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫جلباــتيسيير(‬‫) لاــمشقـة تــــ ل‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫يـــل‬
‫) لاــضـرر زـا(ـ‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫) لاــعـادـة محكمة(‬
 ‫ األمور بمقاصدها‬.1
Matters are to be judged as per the intentions.

 ‫انما األعمال بالنيات‬

 Deliberate murder vs unintentional murder

 “Take this rupee”. Intention of the giver is considered

either gift or qard.
 ‫ اليقين ال يزول بالشك‬.2
Certainty is not removed by doubt.

 “If one of you feels something in his stomach that makes

him wonder if anything had passed from him, he should
not leave the Masjid until he either hears or smells
something.” (Mulim)

 Debtor dies. Settlement of debt is doubted. Debt is considered

as intact.
 Entrusted good destroys. Negligence is doubted. Trustee will
not indemnify.
 ‫ المشقة تجلب التيسير‬.3
Hardship brings alleviation.

 “Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you
hardship.” [ Sûrah al-Baqarah : 185]
 Aishah (R.A) said: “The prophet (peace be upon him) had
never been given the choice between two things except that
he would choose the easiest of the two, so long as there was
no sin in it.” [ Sahîh al-Bukhârî ]“
 Hardship means extraordinary one.
 Relaxation in Salah and fasting for patient, Travelers,
 Permissibility of eating the non slaughtered for the one
who does not have any thing else.
 ‫ ال ضرر و ال ضرار‬.4
There must neither be harm nor the imposition of harm.
 “There must be neither harm nor the imposition of harm.” [
Sunan al-Daraqutnî (3/77), al-Mustadrak (2/57), and Sunan al-
Bayhaqî (6/69)]"
 If someone destroys an asset, the owner of the asset is not
supposed to destroy his asset. Rather, he will get the
indemnification.
 Hired land’s period elapsed before the fruit mature. Land
will not be taken until they mature. Market rental will be
given for the exceeded tenor.
 Perishable goods sold. Purchaser delays taking possession.
Seller may terminate unilaterally.
 ‫ العادة محكّمة‬.5
Customary practice is the determining factor

‫ مارأه المسلمون حسنا فهو عند الله حسن‬:‫أن ابن مسعود رضي الله عنه قال‬
• What the Muslims deem good, then it is also good in the
sight of Allah.

• Urf is only valid when it does not violate the narration of

Quran and Hadeeth.
‫جزاكم الله خيرا ً‬