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IE 220 Probability and Statistics

This document provides an introduction to the concepts of probability and statistics. It discusses how statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing numerical data. There are two main types of statistical applications: descriptive statistics, which utilizes methods to summarize and present data; and inferential statistics, which uses sample data to make estimates about a larger population. Key statistical concepts introduced include populations, variables, samples, and statistical inferences. The document also outlines how statistics are important in engineering applications to help describe and understand variability.

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67 views29 pages

IE 220 Probability and Statistics

This document provides an introduction to the concepts of probability and statistics. It discusses how statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing numerical data. There are two main types of statistical applications: descriptive statistics, which utilizes methods to summarize and present data; and inferential statistics, which uses sample data to make estimates about a larger population. Key statistical concepts introduced include populations, variables, samples, and statistical inferences. The document also outlines how statistics are important in engineering applications to help describe and understand variability.

Uploaded by

Tuna Can
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IE 220

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

Introduction
Today

 Statistics,Data and Statistical Thinking


 The Role of Statistics in Engineering
Statistics,Data and
Statistical Thinking
 What does statistics mean to you?
 Gallup polls
 Uemployment figures
 ???
The Science of Statistics

 Statistics is the science of data.


This involves collecting, classifying, summarizing,
organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical
information.
Types of Statistical
Applications
Statistics involves two different process:
(1) Describing large sets of data
(2) Drawing conclusions(making estimates,decisions,
predictions,etc.) about sets of data based on
sampling.
Types of Statistical
Applications
So, the applications of statistics can be divided into two
broad areas:
 descriptive statistics and
 inferential statistics
Types of Statistical
Applications
Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical
methods to look for patterns in a data set, to
summarize the information revealed in a data set, and
to present that information in a convenient form.
Types of Statistical
Applications
75 89 57 88 61
90 79 91 69 99
83 85 82 79 72
“What percent of
78 73 86 86 86
the student
80 87 72 92 81
grades fail below
98 77 68 82 78
70?”
82 84 51 77 90
70 70 88 68 81
78 86 62 70 76
89 67 87 85 80

Student grades
Types of Statistical
Applications
Types of Statistical
Applications
Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make
estimates, decisions, predictions or other
generalizations about a larger set of data.
Fundamental Elements of
Statistics
A population is a set of units
(usually, people, objects, transactions or
events)
that we are studying.
 all registered voters in Ankara
 all the cars produced last year
 all sales made at a McDonald’s restaurant
during a given year
 the set of all accidents occuring on a
particular highway during a holiday
period.
Fundamental Elements of
Statistics
A variable is a characteristics or property of an
individual population unit.
age,gender,weight, height,….
Measuremet is the process we use to assign numbers of
variables of individual population units.
Fundamental Elements of
Statistics
A sample is a subset of the units of
population.

For example, instead of polling all


40000000 registered voters in Turkey
during a presidential election year, a
pollster might select and examine a
sample of just 1000 voters. If he is
interested in the variable “ presidential
preference”, he would record
(measure)the preference of each sampled
vote.
Fundamental Elements of
Statistics
After the variable(s) of interest for every unit in the
sample are measured, the data are analyzed.The
pollster, for example, may be interested only in
describing the voting patterns of the sample of 1000
voters. He will use the information in the sample to
make inferences about the population of all 40000000
voters.
Fundamental Elements of
Statistics
A statistical inference is an estimate or prediction or
some generalization about population based on
information contained in sample.
Example

A sociologist hypothesis that the avarage


annual income of households in a particular
large city is less than $25,000 per year. To
test for hypothesis, the sample of 500
hoseholds in the city are questionared and
the income of each household is observed.
a. Decribe the population
b. Decribe the variable of interest.
c. Decribe the sample.
d. Describe the inference.
Example

a. Decribe the population (the set of all


hoseholds in the city)
b. Decribe the variable of interest.(the
total annual income of each
household)
c. Decribe the sample.(500 households
selected by the sociologist)
d. Describe the inference.(the
generalization of the information
contained in the sample of 500
hoseholds of the population of
households in the city.)
Types of Data

Quantitative data are measurements that


are recorded on naturally occurring
numerical scale.

1.The temperature (in degrees Celsius) at


which each in a sample of 20 pieces of
heat-resistant plastic begins to melt.
2. The current of unemploymet rate
(measured as percentage)
3.The scores of a sample of 150 law school
applicants.
Types of Data

Qualitative Data are measurements that


cannot be measured on a numerical
scale;they can be only classified into one of
a group categories.

1. The defective status(defective or not) of


each of 100 computer chips manufactured
by Intel.
2. The size of car (subcompact,compact,mid-
size or full-size) rented by each of a sample
of 30 business travelers.
3. A taste tester’s ranking(best,worst,etc) of
four brands of barbecue sauce for a panel of
10 testers.
Example

Classify the following examples of data


as either qualitative or quantitative;
a.The bacteria count in the water at
each of 30 swimming pools.
b. The occupation of each of 200
shoppers at a supermarket.
c.The marital status of each person
living on a city block.
d.The times (in months) between auto
maintenance for each of 100 used
cars.
Example

Classify the following examples of data as


either qualitative or quantitative;

a.The bacteria count in the water at each of


30 swimming pools. (Quantitative)
b. The occupation of each of 200 shoppers
at a supermarket. (Qualitative)
c.The marital status of each person living on
a city block. (Qualitative)
d.The times (in months) between auto
maintenance for each of 100 used cars.
(Quantitative)
Collecting Data

1.Data from a published


source(book,journal, newspapers)
2.Data from a designed experiment (in
which the researcher exerts strict
control over the units)
3. Data from a survey (the researcher
samples a group of people, ask one or
more questions an records the
responses)
4. Data collected observationally.
The Role of Statistics in
Engineering
 Many aspects of engineering practise involve working
with data,obviously some knowledge of statistics is
important any engineer.
 Statistical methods are used to help describe and
understand variability.
The Role of Statistics in
Engineering
Do you always get exactly the same mileage performance on every
tank of fuel?

Tire
inflation

Weather Gasoline mileage Brand of


conditions gasoline

???
The Role of Statistics in
Engineering
 Statistics give us a framework for describing variability
and for learning about which potential sources of
variability are the most important or which have the
greatest impact on the gasoline mileage performance.
Why Probability and
Statistics?
 To study random variation.
 Random variation occurs when the sources of variation
are unknown, uncontrollable, or cannot be measured.
 Statistics determine the range of variation.
 Probability determines the likelihood of assuming a
value or a sub range of values within the overall range
of variation.
 Reading Assignment
Chapter 1, Chapter 8.1 and Chapter 8.2 (for next lecture)
 www.atilim.edu.tr/~ie220
questions???

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