MECH 211 – Mechanical

Engineering Drawing

Lecture 4
François Tardy
 Content of the lecture
1. Point – location, particular positions (on the
principal planes)

2. Multiple points – lines

3. Location of a line – the basic views

4. Particular positions of a line – horizontal, frontal or

profile

5. True length of a line – selected auxiliary views

 Content of the lecture
6. Bearing of a line (in the top view, N(S) nn E(W)

7. Slope of a line (from the top view, draw a TL in aux

view – elevation view

8. Point view of a line – second aux. view

9. Relative position of a point vs. a line (location of a

point vs. a line)

10. Relative position of two lines (//, X or skew)

11. Parallel lines; rule of parallel lines (exceptions)

 Content of the lecture
12. Location of a line through a point parallel to another
line (construction)

13. True distance between two parallel lines

14. Intersecting lines – identification through inspection

15. Perpendicular lines – rule of perpendicular lines

16. Distance form a point to a line

17. Location of a perpendicular line at a given point on

a line
 1. Point - location
Representing a single point in space
• Three views are needed: H, F, and P.
• Look for the distance between points and the folding
line in adjacent views.
aH

H
F

aF aP

F
 2. Multiple points - lines
Representing multiple points in space
• Three views: H, F, and P.

• Locating multiple points is bH

needed to define lines. aH

H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
 2. Multiple points - lines
• To describe an object, relative positions of  2 points are
needed.
• Point 2 is 32mm to the right, 12mm below and 16mm behind
point 1.
• The points are placed at specific distance and are connected to
form a line.
3. Location of a line

bH

cH
aH

dH
H
F
dF aP
aF dP
cF
bF
F P bP
cP
3. Location of a line

bH

aH
cH

dH

H
F
dF
aF dP aP
cF
bF
F P bP
cP
3. Location of a line

bH

aH
cH

dH

H
F
dF dP aP
aF
cF
bP
cP
bF
F P
4. Particular positions of a line
• The inclined line appears as True Length on bH

the plane to which it is parallel.

aH

• They are termed as Frontal, Horizontal and H

F

Profile planes.
aF bF aP bP

• TL view is always inclined while the other views

are foreshortened. FP

HORIZONTAL LINE

• TL view gives more info, such as TA of the line

to the plane of projection. aH

aH bH

• In the frontal line, H bH

H H

and P can be found F

bP
F
aF
aP
bF

since the line is TL

and planes are in EV. bF bP
aF aP
FP FP

PROFILE LINE FRONTAL LINE

4. Particular Positions of a Line
 5. True Length of an Oblique Line
• The oblique line does not appear as TL in any principal views.
• An AUX view is needed. Here the depth of the AUX view and
front view is created to find the TL of line 1-2.
• F can also be found as the plane of projection (the wall). All
points are at distance D in the top view.
5. True length of a line
bA1

TL bA1

TL

bH
aA1

aH

aA1
H
F TL

aA3
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
5. True length of a line
bA1
X
TL

bH
aA1

Y aH

aA1
H
F TL

Y X aA3
aP
aF
bP
bF F P
5. True length of a line
bH
aA1

aH

X
H
Y aA1

F TL

aA3
aP
aF

Y bP
bF
F P
aA2

TL X
bA2
 5. True length of a line

bH
aA1

aH

aA1
H
F Y TL
Y
aP aA3

aF X X
bP
bF
F P
5. True length of a line
bA1

TL

bH
aA1

aH

aA1
H
F TL

aA3
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
aA2

TL

bA2
5’. True length of a line
bA1

0.9297TL

bH
aA1

aH

aA1 0.9297
H
F TL

aA3
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
aA2

TL
0.9297

bA2
 6. Bearing of a line
• The position of line in space can also
be indicated by the bearing and slope
of the line.
• If the earth is considered as flat, then
a map is a top view.
• Thus the bearing of a line is
measured with respect to north or
south in the top view of the line.
• Generally upward is N, and generally
N and S are used together with E and
W to keep the  at less than 90.
 6. Bearing of a line
The bearing of a line
bH is the direction of a
line relative to N-S
aH The bearing of line
38° AB is N38E

H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
 7. Slope of a line
• If the earth is considered as flat, then a map is a top view and
the Horizontal plane is the most important plane.
• The angle between a line (eg. Road) and horizontal plane is the
slope (important to describe).
• To measure slope
of 1-2, a view
must be got
where the line is
in TL and
horizontal plane
in EV.
• Horizontal plane
is in EV in the
front view and is //
to HF.
 7. Slope of a line
The slope of line AB is bA1

dir ne ntal
-24 since the line

pla orizo

n
tio
TL

H
descends from A to B

ec
(the distance from the bH
point of the line to theaA1 24°
horizontal-Elevation
plane view
ajacent to the aH
direction increases
top view

H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
 7. Slope of a line
Slope of the line AB
bA1
is -24 since the line

dir ne ntal
descends from A to B

pla orizo

n
(the distance form the

tio
TL

ec
point of the line to the
bH horizontal plane
aA1 24°
Elevation view direction increases
- ajacent to the aH

top view
H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
 8. Point view of a line
• If a direction of sight is // to the TL view of the line, the line will
appear as point.
• If a line is inclined, one auxiliary view is required.
• If line is oblique, two auxiliary view are required.
• Finding the shortest distance between a line and a point is important.
 8. Point view of a line
bA1
First auxiliary view

TL X A1 H
Point view
aA1
Y bH of line AB
A1 z
A2 aH
z
Second aA2=bA2
auxiliary view
ry H
F
Y
X aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
9. Relative position of a point
vs. a line
1.Point C - on line AB
bH
2.Point D - not on line AB
dH
cH
aH

H
F
dF dP
aP
aF cP
cF
bP
bF
F P
 10. Relative position of two
lines
• Skew lines: non intersecting, non-parallel
and not coincident
• Intersecting lines: one common point
• Parallel lines: no common point
• Coincident lines: overlapping – all points are
common
 10. Skew lines

bH

aH
cH

dH

H
F
dP
aP
dF
aF
cF bP
cP
bF
F P
 10a. Skew Lines
• Since skew lines don’t intersect, they must go one over another.
• If you plot 5,6 (arbitrarily one point to one line) on TV and
project it to FV – we can see which line is passing above the
other line.
 10b. Parallel Lines
• Parallel lines do not have common points between
them.
• Parallel lines are seen as parallel in adjacent views.
The exception is when the lines are perpendicular to
the FL, the lines may or may not be parallel.
 10b. Parallel Lines
• To find out if the lines are parallel, even if the lines are
perpendicular to the FL, it is best to draw the 3rd view
• If it is required to get the lines parallel, then use one
view, draw the lines parallel and complete the 3rd view
 10. Parallel lines
jH
bH

aH kH

H
F
kF aP kP
aF
jF bP
bF
F P jP
 10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines
have one common bH
point between them.
eH
• The projection of the
aH
points must be
aligned in adjacent gH
views.
• If they are, then the H
lines are intersecting. F
• If not, they are
gF gP
skewed. aP
aF
bP
eF eP
bF
F P
 10c. Intersecting Lines
• Intersecting lines
have one common bH
point between them. eH

• The projection of aH
the points must be
gH
aligned in adjacent
views.
H
• If they are, then the
F
lines are
intersecting. gF gP
aP
• If not, they are aF
bP
skewed. eF eP
bF
F P
10. Coincident lines
bH

aH

H
F
aP
aF
bP
bF
F P
10c. Coincident lines
dH
bH

cH
aH

H
F
cP
cF aP
aF dP
bP
dF
bF
F P
 11. Rule of parallel lines
Parallel lines are seen parallel in all views.
jH
bH

aH kH

H
F

kF aP
kP
aF
jF bP
bF
F P jP
12. Location of a line parallel to a
given line passing through a point
bH

sH

aH

H
F

aF sF

bF
12. Location of a line parallel to a
given line passing through a point
jH
bH

sH

aH kH

H
F

kF
aF sF
jF

bF
13. True distance between two
parallel lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
jA

bA A A1
kA
H aA

F
Two auxiliary views
kF
aF
jF
bF
13. True distance between two
parallel lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
jA

bA A A1
kA
H aA

F
Two auxiliary views
kF
aF
jF
bF
13. True distance between two
parallel lines
jH HA
bH

aH kH kA1=jA1
aA1=bA1
jA

bA A A1
kA
H aA

F The distance
between the two
kF points gives the true
aF distance between
jF
bF
parallel lines
 14. Intersecting lines
Intersection test:
bH
Locate a point that
eH
belongs to both lines
aH

gH

H
F
gF gP
aP
aF
bP
eF eP
bF
F P
 15. Perpendicular lines
bH
A 90 angle appears
90° in true size in any
cH view showing one leg
aH
in TL provided the
other leg does not
appear as point view
H Two intersecting lines
F are perpendicular if
the TL projection is
making 90° with the
other line
aF
cF
bF
15. Perpendicular lines