MECH 211 – Mechanical

Engineering Drawing

Lecture 1
François Tardy
Mechanical Engineering Drawing
DESIGN VISUALIZATION
 First Lecture Content
• Why is design important?
• Graphics as means of communication
• History
• Multiview representation and orthographic projections
• Technical procedures
• Generating multi-view orthographic projection
• Representation rules
• Design process
• Role of drawings in the design process
• Drawing in product development
 The Importance of Design
Challenger Disaster (1986)
• O-rings were not designed
for cold weather.
• 7 casualties
• Space shuttle grounded for 2
years
• How do O-rings work?
 The Importance of Design
Turkish Airlines Flight 981
Design flaw in the cargo hatches made
the rear of the plane break-off.
•346 casualties

I-35W Mississippi River bridge

bridge's design specified steel gusset
plates that were inadequate to support
the intended load of the bridge.
•13 casualties
•145 injuries
 The Importance of Design
A380
• Miscommunication
between two
design
departments of the
company.
• Wire harnesses too
short!
• Billions of dollars
lost.
 The Importance of Design
MPM-10 (STM Azur)
According to a 2015 article:
• People less than 6 feet
tall have problems
reaching the bars.
• Delays in train
commissioning.
 The Importance of Design
No matter what branch of
Mechanical Engineering:
• Thermo-fluids /
Combustion
• Aerospace
• Mechatronics / Robotics
• Materials
• Manufacturing
you will work with
engineering drawings.
 A Bit of History
The need to communicate
History in Pictures
 The Fundamental Difference?
Artistic Drawing still have a purpose
Mechanical/Technical Drawings
Mechanical Components
 Graphic Language
• We think in terms of graphics/geometries.

• We conceptualize ideas in terms of geometries.

• We express those ideas through graphical

representation by following specific rules.
 Geometry is Fundamental
• In Nature
• In human-made objects

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 Introduction to Graphic
Language and Design
Why are graphics necessary?

• Communicate information that would not be possible to

exchange in writing.

Why not use pictures to communicate visual information?

• Usually, a drawing represents something that exists just at

conceptual level.

Why not use pictorial representation?

• The information contained in a drawing must be used to build

an accurate component/system.
 What is a Drawing?
A drawing is a graphic representation of a real thing, an
idea, or a proposed design.

Why do we need graphical representation?

Graphic method of representation is a basic natural

form of communication of ideas that is universal and
timeless.

It is often impossible to explain things with text alone.

 A Simple Component!
Try defining these objects using only words.
 Graphic Language
Try to describe the following drawing in words:
A MECHANISM OR A MACHINE
 A Component !
Drawings are suggestive.
 Graphic Language
Graphic language is universal.
 Graphic Language
Information can be conveyed regardless of the spoken language.

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 Graphic Language
When the language is known, drawings become even more
accurate.
 Essentials of a Good Drawing
• Should represent the concept/idea/geometry clearly,
• Should be able to communicate to others without
doubt,
• Should respect manufacturing feasibility,
• Should comply with standardization,
• Should have a single interpretation,
• Let’s see how we make good mechanical drawings!
 Views
An object can be represented in several ways:
 Projections/Drawing Basics
• Visualizing an object (Simple and sufficient)
• Two basic projection types – use parallel projection
Perspective View

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 What should be drawn?
What is seen – follow certain rules.
Multiview Representation
 Multiview Representation
Project visible and hidden edges and corners.
 Multiview
• A part is represented in multiple views. A single part
is seen as more than one part.
• This representation allows the user to fully
understand the shape of the part, perceive the
relative proportions of the geometric features and
position each features with respect to one another.
• The parallel projection principle and feature alignment
are used in the representation.
 Projection Planes
The component is aligned with respect to the principal
projection planes:
• Top (T) or Horizontal (H)
• Front (F) or Vertical (V)
• Side (S) or Profile (P)
The projection is drawn such that each feature parallel
to the projection planes can be seen in their true length.
Projection Planes
Projection
Principles
Projection
Principles
First and Third Angle View
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
 Same Types of Projection
Third angle projection First angle projection
First Angle & Third Angle

Third Angle First Angle

Projection Projection
Object Orientation
 Relative Position of the Views
All views must be aligned with respect to each other,
feature to feature.
Drafting Strategies (3 Views)
 Technical Procedures
When representing the third view, a scale, divider or
miter line is used to ensure the alignment of all three
views.
 Example
Represent the
shown component
using multiple view
representation.
 Example
Start with the front view.
Edge “C” cannot be seen but is represented by a
dashed line (hidden feature).

C
 Example
Align the top view with respect to the front view.

C
 Example
Complete the representation.
Dimensioning and comments will be added to the
drawing afterwards.
 Principal Projection Planes
The object should be aligned with projection planes.
 Principal Projection Planes, Unfolded
• Notice the relationship
between the features.

• The depth & distance from

the front to the object is
measured in the Horizontal
and Profile planes.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing
Take the part
shown here.

Position the part in

a convenient way,
to simplify
representation as
much a possible.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing
• Select the position
of the projection
planes.
• Start with one of
the projections,
usually the front
view.
• Each edge is
represented based
on the principle of
the parallel
projection.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing
Complete the first view and
use basic representation.
Principles:
• Visible edges are seen
as full lines,
• Non-visible features are
represented by a dash-
line,
• Axes of symmetric
features are
represented by dash-
dot lines.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing

• Continue with the second

view. Make sure that you
have accurately aligned
both views. Use the same
rules for representation.

• Alignment lines must be

perpendicular to the edge
of the projection planes.

• (Lines of sight are always

perpendicular to the fold
line).
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing
• Continue with the third
view.
• Make sure that all views
are accurately aligned.
• Use the same rules for
representation.
• The alignment lines must
be perpendicular to the
edges of the projection
planes.
• Lines of sight are always
perpendicular to the
corresponding fold lines.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing

• Complete the
representation.

• Separate the top

view from the profile
view along the edge
(fold line).

• Unfold the three

views to lay them on
the same plane.
 Generating a Multiview
Projection Drawing

• This is the 3-view

orthographic
representation of
the selected part
(FLANGE).
• Do not erase any of
the lines when
writing a test.
 Some practice!
MECH211
 Orthographic multi-view
Some practice:
This part will be projected on all 6 projection planes.
Orthographic multi-view
Orthographic multi-view
Orthographic multi-view
Orthographic multi-view
Solid Models
 Minimum number of views
• Some shapes can be described with fewer views.
• Use the minimum number of views for representation.
 Minimum number of views
Do not produce more views than is necessary.
 Centerline
Axisymmetric features are indicated with a
dash-point line CENTERLINE
Hints on understanding shapes
Try to “see” how solids are created out of primitives.
Hints on understanding shapes
Complex shapes can be generated with Boolean operations.
Pay attention to edges
 What is Perspective
Representation?
Representation of objects based on a distance rule: 2 identical
objects are seen as being different from different distances and
shapes are deformed.
This type of representation is not used for technical purposes in the
field of Mechanical Engineering.
Projections and Views
 Where are drawings used?
• It is important to know the rationale for drawings.
• Drawings are an international communication
language.
• They are a quick way to convey certain types of
information.
• Some concepts are better represented with drawings,
but not all.
 The Design Process
• Drawings are created to represent parts that do not
yet exist.
• Designed parts are intended to be manufactured.
• Drawings must carry all the necessary information for
the fabrication of the part.
 The Design Process
Design involves constrained creation.
Constraints:
• Limits to technology,
• Human and environmental concerns,
• Durability and reliability,
• Cost,
• Market requirements,
• Etc.
 The Design Process
• REPRESENTATION • These are the basic
requirements which are
• PERCEPTION
needed to create a design.
• KNOWLEDGE • All of these interact with
• INTUITION your judgment, perhaps
subconsciously.
• CONCEPT • Your judgment must be
• PURE CONCEPT trained in order to be able
to perform solution- solving
• EMPIRICAL CONCEPT based thinking.
• NOTION • Drawings assist you in
achieving that goal.
• IDEA
 The Design Process
Designs are created after analysis, and a full
understanding of requirements, constraints and
syntheses.

Two separate individuals may not come with the same

solution to the exact same problem.

• Example: Connect two straight pipes ND 4” to avoid

leaking of the gas and to permit easy maintenance of
the segment.
 Solutions
Multiple: flanges, clips, clamps, seals, etc.
 The Design Process

1. Problem
Definition
2. Concept & ideas
3. Solutions
4. Models &
Prototype
5. Production &
working
drawings Concurrent
engineering
approach
The Design
Process
The Design Process
 Drawings in Product
Development

Designer
Functional
Drawings
Sketches

drawings
Prod.
Vendors/
Mechanical
Customers
Engineer
Production
Shops
Assembly Assembly
Drawings Drawings

Quality
Assurance Assembly
Drawings in Product
Development
 Other Graphic
Communication Tools