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Virtualization and The Cloud

The document discusses virtualization and cloud computing. It describes the requirements for virtualization as safety, fidelity and efficiency. It defines type 1 and type 2 hypervisors and their relationship to the host operating system. It also discusses techniques for efficient virtualization including paravirtualization. The document outlines the characteristics of cloud computing according to NIST and challenges in virtualizing the x86 architecture.

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Ali Çakıcı
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266 views21 pages

Virtualization and The Cloud

The document discusses virtualization and cloud computing. It describes the requirements for virtualization as safety, fidelity and efficiency. It defines type 1 and type 2 hypervisors and their relationship to the host operating system. It also discusses techniques for efficient virtualization including paravirtualization. The document outlines the characteristics of cloud computing according to NIST and challenges in virtualizing the x86 architecture.

Uploaded by

Ali Çakıcı
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Virtualization and the Cloud

Chapter 7

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Requirements for Virtualization
Hypervisors should score well in three
dimensions:
1.Safety: hypervisor should have full control of
virtualized resources.
2.Fidelity: behavior of a program on a virtual machine
should be identical to same program running on bare
hardware.
3.Efficiency: much of code in virtual machine should run
without intervention by hypervisor.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisors (1)

Figure 7-1. Location of type 1 and type 2 hypervisors.

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Type 1 and Type 2 Hypervisors (2)

Figure 7-2. Examples of the various combinations of


virtualization type and hypervisor. Type 1 hypervisors always
run on the bare metal whereas type 2 hypervisors use the
services of an existing host operating system.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Techniques for Efficient Virtualization

Figure 7-3. When the operating system in a virtual machine executes a


kernel only instruction, it traps to the hypervisor if virtualization
technology is present.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the Unvirtualizable

Figure 7-4. The binary translates rewrites the guest operating


system running in ring 1, while the hypervisor runs in ring 0
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are Hypervisors Microkernels
Done Right? (1)

Figure 7-5. True virtualization and paravirtualization

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Are Hypervisors Microkernels
Done Right?

Figure 7-6. VMI Linux running on (a) the bare hardware


(b) VMware (c) Xen.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hardware Support For
Nested Page Tables

Figure 7-7. Extended/nested page tables are walked every time a


guest physical address is accessed—including the accesses for each
level of the guest’s page tables.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clouds
National Institute of Standards and
Technology defines characteristics of “cloud”
1.On-demand self-service
2.Broad network access
3.Resource pooling
4.Rapid elasticity
5.Measured service

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenges in Bringing
Virtualization to the x86 (1)
Core attributes of a virtual machine to
x86-based target platform:

1.Compatibility
2.Performance
3.Isolation

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Challenges in Bringing
Virtualization to the x86 (2)
Major Challenges:
1.The x86 architecture was not virtualizable
2.The x86 architecture was of daunting
complexity
3.x86 machines had diverse peripherals
4.Need for a simple user experience

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the x86 Architecture (1)

Figure 7-8. High-level components of the VMware virtual


machine monitor (in the absence of hardware support).
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtualizing the x86 Architecture (2)
Binary translation must be used if any of the
following is true:
1.Virtual machine is currently running in kernel
mode
2.Virtual machine can disable interrupts and
issue I/O instruction
3.Virtual machine is currently running in real
mode

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtual Hardware Platform (1)

Figure 7-9 Virtual hardware configuration options


of the early VMware Workstation, ca. 2000.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtual Hardware Platform (2)

Figure 7-9 Virtual hardware configuration options


of the early VMware Workstation, ca. 2000.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Role of the Host Operating System (1)

Figure 7-10. The VMware Hosted Architecture and its three


components: VMX, VMM driver and VMM.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Role of the Host Operating System (2)

Figure 7-11. Difference between a normal context


switch and a world switch.
Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ESX Server: VMware’s type-1
Hypervisor (1)

Figure 7-11. ESX Server: VMware’s type-1 Hypervisor

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ESX Server: VMware’s type-1
Hypervisor (2)
ESX Server architecture provides substantial benefits
1.CPU scheduler ensures that each virtual machine gets
a fair share of the CPU
2.Memory manager is optimized for scalability
3.I/O subsystem is optimized for performance
4.Back ends also typically relied on abstractions
provided by host operating system.
5.ESX Server made it easy to introduce new capabilities

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
End

Chapter 7

Tanenbaum & Bo, Modern Operating Systems:4th ed., (c) 2013 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

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