W

ITEC 428 K EE
1
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION
Lectures 1,2 and 3

Semester 2 2020
 TODAY’S LECTURE
1. Course Introduction
2. Data and Computer Communications
3. Introduction to Networking
4. Networking Technologies
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Department Dept of Information Technology

Programme Bachelor of Information Technology

Course Title Computer communication and networks

Course Code ITEC 428

Credit Hours 2+1

Program Dr. Abdul Waheed Mahesar

Coordinator/
Lecturer

Course Synopsis To provide students with an understanding in the

area of computer networks
GRADING DISTRIBUTION

Method Percentage %
Attendance 10
Assignment 10
Mid Term 30
Class Project -----

Final exam 50
TOTAL  100
• Data and Computer Communications, Ninth Edition (August
12, 2006) by William Stallings, Pearsons, Publication
 Comment: Good at concepts

• Held G., “Internetworking LANs and WANs – Concepts,

Techniques and Methods”, Wiley, 2nd Ed., 1998
 Comment: Good at concepts

• Wendell Odom “CCNA (Intro.) “

• Wendell Odom “ CCNA (ICND)”
 Comment: Good at conceptual and practical points of view

• Forouzan B. A, “Data Communications and Networking”,

McGraw-Hill, 2nd Ed., 2000
 Comment: Many good revision questions at the end of chapters

• Redmond W., “MCSE Training Kit: Networking Essentials Plus”,

Microsoft Press, 2000
 Comment: Practical oriented
5
NEXT -INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
NETWORK DEFINITION

 Multiple computers and other devices connected together to share

information

 Interconnected group of computers and communication devices

WHAT IS DATA COMMUNICATION?

A subset of telecommunication involving the transmission of data to and from

computers and components of computer systems.

Data communication is transmitted via medium such as wires, coaxial cables,

fiber optics.
or
Radiated electromagnetic waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light,
microwaves, and satellites.
 KEY DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS
Network: interconnected group of computers and communication devices

Node: a network-attached computer

Link: connects adjacent nodes

Path: end-to-end route within a network Node

Circuit: the conduit over which data travels

Session: communication dialog between network users or applications

-D

D
kC
Lin

C
B
A
A-B
i nk
L
Packetizing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets prior to transmission over a network’s communication media

Routing: determining a message’s path from sending to receiving nodes

 KEY DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

Path: end-to-end route within a network

Path A-B-C-D-E
A D E
B
C G
M F H
Session M-N
= 10 minutes

N J
Circuit E-G-H-J

Circuit: the conduit over which data travels

Session: communication dialog between network users or

applications
 KEY DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

Packetizing: dividing data or messages into fixed-length

packets prior to transmission over a network’s
communication media
Routing: determining a message’s path from sending to
receiving nodes
Packet 1 Packet 1 Packet 2

Sender Receiver
Data
Packet 2
A D E
B C ROUTE 2
G
M F H

N ROUTE 1
J
 KEY NETWORKING CONCEPTS -
SUMMARY
1. Network: interconnected group of computers and
communication devices
2. Node: a network-attached computer
3. Link: connects adjacent nodes (see Figure in last slides)
4. Path: end-to-end route within a network
5. Circuit: the conduit over which data travels
6. Session: communication dialog between network users or
applications
7. Packetizing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets prior to
transmission over a network’s communication media
8. Routing: determining a message’s path from sending to receiving
nodes
NETWORKING CONCEPTS EXAMPLES
NODES AND LINKS
NETWORKING CONCEPTS
EXAMPLES
PATH AND CIRCUITS
MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

Voice Communications –telephone related

communications

Data Communications- information

transfer other than voice

Image Communication – fax, remote

printing communications

Video Communications – video and net

conferencing
 NETWORK COMPUTING CONCEPTS

Client/Server Computing – Servers and workstations linked

through a high speed local area network (LAN)

Internet – A technology that allows computers with IP

addresses to communicate with each other with a common
protocol (TCP/IP)

LAN (Local Area Network) – A group of local workstation and

servers connection through a high speed network medium
DATA COMMUNICATIONS MODEL

Definition : A Communications model where:

1. A sender transmits a message

2. To a receiver
3. Over a channel
4. Consisting of some sort of medium

TRANS- TRANS- RECEIVE DESTINA

SOURCE MISSION
MITTER R -TION
SYSTEM
SENDER RECEIVER
DATA COMMUNICATIONS MODEL

Source - generates data to be transmitted

Transmitter - Converts data into signals
Transmission System - Carries data
Receiver - Converts received signal into data
Destination - Takes incoming data

TRANS- TRANS- RECEIVE DESTINA

SOURCE MISSION
MITTER R -TION
SYSTEM
Source System Destination System
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
MODEL Digital Analog Analog Digital

TRANS- TRANS- RECEIVE DESTINA

SOURCE MISSION
MITTER R -TION
SYSTEM
Source System Destination System
 RECALL : WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A network consists of 2 or more computers (nodes)
connected together, and they can communicate and
share resources (e.g. information)

21
HOW MANY TYPES OF NETWORKS?
We can classify networks BASED on:

MANAGEMENT
NETWORK SIZE METHOD
LAN and WAN (and MAN) Peer-to-peer and
Client/Server

TRANSMISSION TOPOLOGY
MEDIA (connectivity):
Wired (UTP, coaxial, Bus, Star, Ring
fiber-optic cables) and
Wireless
 HOW MANY TYPES OF NETWORKS?
• Depending on one’s perspective, we can classify
networks in different ways

1. Based on NETWORK SIZE: LAN and WAN (and MAN)

2. Based on MANAGEMENT METHOD: Peer-to-peer and

Client/Server

3. Based on TOPOLOGY (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring …

4. Based on TRANSMISSION MEDIA: Wired (UTP, coaxial

cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless
23
NETWORKING CATEGORY BY
TOPOLOGY
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
• Topology - The structure of a network
• Star Network - Ties end user computers to a central computer

• Ring Network - Ties local computer processors together in a ring on

a relatively equal basis
• Bus Network - Local processors share the same communications
channel
• Mesh Network - Uses direct communications lines to connect some
or all of the computers in the ring to each other
 TOPOLOGY ― 3 BASIC TYPES

• How so many computers are connected together?

Bus Topology Ring Topology

Star Topology

Hub

26
 STAR Topology
• Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
• More cabling, hence higher cost
• All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network
down
• Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers
may send message at the same time

V1.1
 Bus Topology
• Simple and low-cost
• A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
• Only one computer can send messages at a time
• Passive topology - computer only listen for, not regenerate data

Coaxial cable
(backbone)

BNC T-Connector

V1.0
Network Card
 Ring Topology

• Ring Topology
• Every computer serves as Ack T T
T
a repeater to boost signals
• Typical way to send data: T dat T dat
• Token passing a a
• only the computer who T
T
gets the token can send T Ack
T Ack
dat
data a
• Disadvantages T
• Difficult to add computers
T Ack
• More expensive
• If one computer fails, whole network fails

V1.2
NETWORKING CATEGORY BY SIZE
Networks Category Based on Size

31
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS BY SIZE

Beyond 100 meters

PAN LAN MAN WAN :

WWAN
WPAN : WLAN : WMAN :
Wide Area Connectivity
Personal Area Connectivity Local Area Connectivity Metro Area Connectivity
(Broad geographic
10 meters 100 meters (City or suburb)
coverage)

AMPS, GSM, IS-95

Bluetooth, UWB WiFi, HiperLan WiMax
cdma2000, W-CDMA

32
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• Description
• Small network, short distance
• A room, a floor, a building
• Limited by no. of computers and distance covered
• Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN
• Serve a department within an organization

• Examples:
• Network inside the Student Computer Room
• Network inside Institute
• Network inside your home

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 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
• Smaller scope
– Building or small campus
• Usually owned by same organization as attached devices
• Data rates much higher
• Now some switched systems and ATM are being
introduced
 MORE LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
Connects computers within a limited physical area, such as
an office, classroom, or building

Connecting Rooms Connecting Floors

 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• Data and Telecommunication network that
covers a large geographic area

36
 WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to
connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different
places far apart (Towns, states, countries)
• Examples:
Your home
• Network of our Campus
• Internet

Other countries
WAN
Student Computer
Centre
37
 WIDE AREA NETWORKS - CRITERIA
• Large geographical area
• Rely in part on common carrier circuits
• Alternative technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
 Frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM)
WIDE AREA NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Dedicated • Data sent out of sequence
communications path
• Small chunks (packets) of
established for the
duration of the data at a time
conversation • Packets passed from node to
e.g. telephone network node between source and
destination
• Used for terminal to
computer and computer to
computer communications
 PACKET v. CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Packet Switching: dividing data or messages into fixed-length packets prior
to transmission over a network’s communication media via selected routes

Packet 1 Packet 1 Packet 2

Sender Receiver
Data
Packet 2
A E
D
B
C
Eg Frame Relay G ROUTE 2

M F H
Circuit Switching – dedicated path over
N
network session J
ROUTE 1

Exchange2 Eg Leased Lines

Sender Exchange1 Exchange3 Receiver

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (CITY)

A Metropolitan Area Network is optimized for a larger geographical

area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire
cities (an EXTENDED LAN)
 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MAN)
1. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single or many
organization
2. MANs might also be owned and operated as public
utilities.
3. They provide means for internetworking of local
networks.
4. Metropolitan area networks can span up to 50km
Example of MAN: Broadband Cable Network

• Cable TV services have been extensively developed in

most modern cities

• Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial

cable installed (that are supposed to carry TV signals)
to deliver broadband data services

• Many cable network wiring has been replaced with

hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) ― i.e. use of fiber-optic cable
to connect to the subscribers’ buildings, and then the
original coaxial cable to connect to each household
43
Example of MAN: Broadband Cable Network

The connection is shared by a number of

subscribers, hence may raise
performance and security problems
PC

TV

Fiber-o
p tic cabl
e
Cable
Drop
Coaxial Cable company
Cable
44
NETWORKING CATEGORY BY
MANAGEMENT METHODS
Peer-to-Peer Networks
• Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup
• No hierarchy among computers  all are equal
• No administrator responsible for the network

Peer-to-peer

46
• Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer

• Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading

• Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:

• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future 47
 Clients and Servers
• Network Clients (Workstation)
Workstation
• Computers that request network resources or services

• Network Servers
• Computers that manage and provide network resources and
services to clients
• Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk
space than clients
• Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data,
but also users, groups, security, and applications on the
network
• Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
performance and reliability 48
• Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and
control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access to
Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer
networks
• Disadvantages of client/server networks
• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
49
NETWORKING CATEGORY BY
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 TELECOMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Channels - the links by which data or voice are transmitted
between sending and receiving devices in a network
• WIRED (GUIDED)
• twisted wires
• coaxial cable
• fiber-optic cable
• backbone
• WIRELESS (UNGUIDED)
• microwave
• satellite
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Two main categories:
– Guided ― wires, cables
– Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared,
sound, sonar

• We will concentrate on guided media here:

– Twisted-Pair cables:
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
– Coaxial cables
– Fiber-optic cables

52
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
• Twisted-Pair Wire
– Ordinary telephone wire
– Copper wire is twisted
into pairs
• Coaxial Cable
– Sturdy copper or
aluminum wire wrapped
with spacers to insulate
and protect it
• Fiber-Optic Cable
– One or more hair-thin
filaments of glass
fiber wrapped in a
protective jacket
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (UTP)

• Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover

• A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

Insulator Metal
54
 SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (STP)
• STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a
metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each
pair of insulated wires

55
 CATEGORIES OF UTP CABLES
EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality:
Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found
in very old buildings, not recommended now
Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for
low-speed token ring networks)
Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common
in phone networks in residential buildings)
Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings)
Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks
targeted for high-speed data communications)
Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps

56
 COAXIAL CABLES
• In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher
freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
• Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise
and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

57
• An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a
cladding (less dense material)
• Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber
• Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive
index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of
refractive index between the core and the cladding)
• Light bounces back and forth along the core
• Common light sources: LEDs and lasers
(the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified medium)

58
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Noise resistance ― external light is blocked by outer jacket
 Less signal attenuation ― a signal can run for miles without
regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about
~4% or 0.16dB per km)
 Higher bandwidth ― currently, limits on data rates come from
the signal generation/reception technology, not the fiber itself
 Cost ― Optical fibers are expensive
 Installation/maintenance ― any crack in the core will degrade
the signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned

59
 COST AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
BETWEEN DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION MEDIA
TRANSMISSION SPEEDS
Medium Speed Cost
Twisted Wire 300 bps-10 Mbps Low
Microwave 256 Kbps-100 Mbps
Satellite 256 Kbps-100 Mbps
Coaxial Cable 56 Kbps-200 Mbps
Fiber-Optic Cable 500 Kbps-10 Gbps High

V2.0
NETWORKING CATEGORY BY
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES –
WIRELESS STANDARDS
 PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
 IEEE Standard – 802.15
 Bluetooth
 Short-range wireless technology
 Connects PCs to devices, such as a printer
 Fairly low cost to implement
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK MANAGEMENT
METHOD - Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
(MANET)
• Do not need backbone infrastructure support
• Host movement frequent
• Topology change frequent

A B
B A

• Multi-hop wireless links

• Data must be routed via intermediate nodes
 MANET - Multi-Hop Wireless
• Adopted by PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PANs)
• May need to traverse multiple links to reach destination

WiFi 1
WiFi 3

WiFi 2
WiFi 4

• Mobility causes route changes

 WIRELESS LAN
1. A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area
network that uses radio waves as its carrier.

2. The last link with the users is wireless, to give a

network connection to all users in a building or
campus.

3. The backbone network in most cases are wired

networks
 WIRELESS LANS
1. Wireless LAN networks, including 802.11 or Wi-Fi, are
growing quickly for home and office applications
2. Unregulated frequency bands - Quality of Service not
guaranteed, but speed, low cost, and ease of implementation
are compelling
3. Very suitable for local data transmission and access outside
operator networks - e.g. company internal solutions or home
installations
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
 Wireless LANS
1. Uses wireless radio-wave technology to connect PCs
within an office or a building
 802.11 - INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK
1. Station (STA) - terminal with access
802.11 LAN
mechanisms to the wireless medium
802.x LAN and radio contact to the access point

STA1 2. Basic Service Set (BSS) - group of

PORTAL stations using the same radio
BSS1 frequency

Access Point
3. Access Point - station integrated into
Distribution System
the wireless LAN and the distribution
system
Access Point
ESS 4. Portal - bridge to other (wired)
networks
BSS2
5. Distribution System -
interconnection network to form one
logical network (EES: Extended
Service Set) based
STA2 802.11 LAN STA3 on several BSS
 HOW ARE WLANS DIFFERENT?
1. They use specialized physical and data link protocols
2. They integrate into existing networks through access points which
provide a bridging function
3. They let you stay connected as you roam from one coverage area
to another
4. They have unique security considerations
5. They have specific interoperability requirements
6. They require different hardware
7. They offer performance that differs from wired LANs.
 Common Topologies
The wireless LAN connects to a
wired LAN

1.There is a need of an access point

that bridges wireless LAN traffic into
the wired LAN.

2.The access point (AP) can also act

as a repeater for wireless nodes,
effectively doubling the maximum
possible distance between nodes.
 Common Topologies
1. The physical size of the network is determined by the
maximum reliable propagation range of the radio
signals.
2. Referred to as ad hoc networks
3. Are self-organizing networks without any centralized
control
4. Suited for temporary situations such as meetings and
conferences.
 Integration With Existing Networks
1. Wireless Access Points (APs)
- a communication device
that bridges wireless traffic
to your network.

2. Most access points bridge

wireless LANs into Ethernet
networks, but Token-Ring
options are available as well.
 INTER-BUILDING WIRELESS LANS

Uses wireless radio-wave technology to connect PCs

within an office or a building

LAN-to-LAN Connectivity
 WIRELESS INSTRASTRUCTURE
 Terrestrial Microwave
 Earthbound microwave systems transmit
high-speed radio signals
 Follows a line-of-sight path between relay
systems spaced about 30 miles apart

 Communications Satellites
 Serve as relay stations
 Use microwave radio signals
 Earth stations beam signals to the satellites
 Not suitable for interactive, real-time
processing
WIRELESS NETWORKS – WIMAX NETWORKS
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable
for the following potential applications:

 Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.

 Providing data and telecommunications services.

 Providing portable connectivity.

WIRELESS NETWORKS – WIMAX NETWORKS
WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
telecommunications technology that provides wireless
transmission up to 3 Mbit/s broadband speed without the need for
cables
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS –WIRED
VS WIRELESS : DISTRIBUTION
5-10m 100-300m 1km-50km >50 km
Personal Area Wireless WIMAX Wireless
WIRELESS

Networks Fidelity Backhaul

(Bluetooth) (WiFi) (Satellite or
Microwave)

Cellular Networks (GSM,3G, EDGE)

Local Area Network Metropolitan Fiber Network

WIRED

(Star, Ring, Bus, Mesh Topology) Area Network Backhaul

(Star, Extended (Connected via
Star, Mesh) switches)
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS –WIRED
VS WIRELESS : PERFORMANCE
5-10m 100-300m 1km-50km >50 km
Bluetooth WiFi WIMAX Wireless
WIRELESS

(Up to (Up to 1-2 (Up to 3Mbps) Backhaul Up to

128Kbps) Mbps) 622Mbps

Cellular Networks (GSM,3G, EDGE) up to 2-3Mbps

4G- Up to 30Mbps

Local Area Network Metropolitan Fiber Network

WIRED

Up to 1GBps Area Network Backhaul

Up to 10GBps Up to 100GBps
 W
K EE
2

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Data and Computer

Communications
End of Presentation