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WAVES
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Waves ........................................................................................ 3 – 8

2. Particle Velocity and Acceleration................................................. 8

3. Different forms of Wave function ............................................... 8 – 9

4. Linear Wave equation .............................................................. 10 – 13

5. Speed of wave on a string ....................................................... 13 – 15

6. Energy calculation in waves .................................................... 15 – 18

7. Superposition ........................................................................... 19 – 24

8. Reflection and transmission .................................................... 24 – 27

9. Standing waves ........................................................................ 27 – 32

10. Stationary waves in string ...................................................... 32 – 34

11. Exercise - I ............................................................................. 35 – 43

12. Exercise - II ............................................................................ 44 – 49

13. Exercise - III ............................................................................ 50 - 58

14. Exercise - IV............................................................................... 59

15. Exercise - V............................................................................ 60 – 66

16. Answer key............................................................................. 67 – 68

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Syllabus ::

Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, Superposition

of waves; progressive and stationary waves.

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1. WAVES :

Waves is distributed energy or distributed "disturbance (force)"

ï Following points regarding waves :

The disturbance (force) is transmitted from one point to another.
1. The energy is transmitted from one point to another.
2. The energy or distrubance passes in the form of wave without any net displacement of
3. medium.
4. The oscillatory motion of preceding particle is imparted to the adjacent particle following it.
5. We need to keep creating disturbance in order to propagate wave (energy or disturbance)
continuously.

(a) Waves classification

The waves are classified under two high level headings :
1. Mechanical waves : The motion of the particle constituting the medium follows
mechanical laws i.e. Newton's laws of motion. Mechanical waves originate from a
distrubance in the medium (such as a stone dropping in a pond) and the disturbance
propagates through the medium. The force between the atoms in the medium are
responsible for the propagation of mechanical waves. Each atom exerts a force on the
atoms near it, and through this force the motion of the atom is transmitted to the others.
The atoms in the medium do not experience any net displacement.
Mechanical waves is further classified in two categories such that
1. Transverse waves (waves on a string)
2. Longitudnal waves (sound waves)

2. Non Mechanical waves : These are electro magnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves
do not require a medium for propagation. Its speed in vacuum is a universal constant. The
motion of the electromagnetic waves in a medium depends on the electromagnetic
properties of the medium.

2.1 Transverse waves

If the disturbance travels in the x direction but the particles move in a direction,
perpendicular to the x axis as the wave passes it is called a transverse waves.

v
y T
T

2Tsin

y x
V

T T
O x

figure - I

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Consider a sinusoidal harmonic wave travelling through a string and the motion of a
particle as shown in the figure Ist (only one unit of wave shown for illustration purpose).
Since the particle is displaced from its natural (mean) position, the tension in the string
arising from the deformation tends to restore the position of the particle. On the other
hand, velocity of the particle (kinetic energy) move the particle farther is zero. Therefore,
the particle is pulled down due to tension towards mean position. In the process, it acquires
kinetic energy (greater speed) and overshoots the mean position in the downward
direction. The cycle of restoration of position continues as vibration (oscillation) of particle
takes place.

2.2 Longitudinal waves

Longitudinal waves are characterized by the direction of vibration (disturbance) and wave
motion. They are along the same direction. It is clear that vibration in the same direction
needs to be associated with a "restoring" mechanism in the longitudinal direction.

(b) Mathematical description of waves

We shall attempt here to evolve a mathematical model of a travelling transverse wave. For
this, we choose a specific set up of string and associated transverse wave travelling
through it. The string is tied to a fixed end, while disturbance is imparted at the free end
by up and down motion. For our purpose, we consider that pulse is small in dimension;
the string is light, elastic and homogeneous. The assumptions are required as we visualize a
small travelling pulse which remains undiminished when it moves through the strings. We
also assume that the string is long enough so that our observation is not subjected to
pulse reflected at the fixed end.
For understanding purpose, we first consider a single pulse as shown in the figure
(irrespective of whether we can realize such pulse in practice or not). Our objective here is
to determine the nature of a mathematical description which will enable us to determine
displacement (disturbance) of string as pulse passes through it. We visualize two snap
shots of the travelling pulse at two close time instants "t" and "t + t". The single pulse is
moving towards right in the positive x-direction.

Y 12 3

O t=t x

t  t  t
O x

The vibration and wave motion are at right angle to each other.
Three position along x-axis named "1", "2" and "3" are marked with three vertical dotted
lines. At either of two instants as shown, the positions of string particles have different
displacements from the undisturbed position on horizontal x-axis. We can conclude from
this observation that displacement in y-direction is a function of positions of particle in x-
direction. As such, the displacement of a particle constituting the string is a function of
"x".
Let us now observe the positions of a given particle, say "1". It has certain positive
displacement at time t = t, At the next snapshot at t = t + t, the displacement has
reduced to zero. The particle at "2" has maximum displacement at t = t, but the same has
reduced at t = t + t. The third particle at "3' has certain positive displacement at t = t, At
t = t + t, it acquires additional positive displacement and reaches the position of
maximum displacement. From these observation, we conclude that displacement of a
particle at any position along the string is a function of "t".

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Combining two observations, we conclude that displacment of a particle is a function of

both position of the particle along the string and time.
y = f (x, t)
We can further specify the nature of the mathematical function by association the speed of
the wave in our consideration. Let "v" be the constant speed with which wave travels from
the left end to the right end. We notice that wave function at a given position of the string
is a function of time only as we are considering displacement at a particular value of "x".
Let us consider left hand end of the string as the origin of reference (x = 0 and t = 0). The
displacement in y-direction (disturbance) at x = 0 is a function of time, "t" only :
y = f (t) = A sin  t
The disturbance travels to the right at constant speed "v'. Let it reaches a point specified as
x = x after time "t". If we visualize to describe the origin of this disturbance at x = 0,
then time elapsed for the distrubance to move from the origin (x = 0) to the point (x = x)
is "x/v". Therefore, if we want to use the function of displacement at x = 0 as given
above, then we need to subtract the time elapsed and set the equation is :


y  f  t – x   A sin  t – x
 v 
v
This can also be expressed as

  vt – x    x – vt 
f v –f  v
 
 t) = g(x – vt)
y(x, 
using any fixed value of t (i.e. at any instant), this shows shape of the string.
If the wave is travelling in –x direction, the wave equation is written as

x
y (x, t) = f(t  v)

The quantity x – vt is called phase of the wave function. As phase of the pulse has fixed
value x – vt = const.

dx
Taking the derivative w.r.t. time dt  v

where v is the phase velocity although often called wave velocity. It is the velocity at which
a particular phase of the distrubance travels through space.
In order for the function to represent a wave travelling at speed v, the quantities x, v and t
must appear in the combination (x + vt) or (x – vt). Thus (x – vt)2 is acceptable but x2 – v2
t2 is not.

(c) Describing Waves :

Two kinds of graph may be drawn displacement - distance and displacement-time.
A displacement-distance graph for a transverse mechanical waves shows the displacement
y of the vibrating particles of the transmitting medium at different distance x from the
source at a certain instant i.e. it is like a photograph showing shape of the wave at that
particular instant.
The maximum displacement of each particle from its undisturbed position is the
amplutude of the wave.
In the figure 1, it OA or OB.

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One wavelength

A

Displacement
O
Distance x

Crest Trough Crest Trough

The wavelength  of a wave is generally taken as the distance between two successive
crests or two successive trough. To be more specific, it is the distance between two
consecutive points on the wave which have same phase.
A displacement-time graph may also be drawn for a wave motion, showing how the
displacement of one particle at a particular distance from the source varies with time. If
this is simple harmonic variation then the graph is a sine curve.

ï Wave Length, Frequency, Speed

If the source of a wave makes f vibrations per second, so they will the particles of the
transmitting medium. That is, the frequency of the waves equals frequency of the source.
When the source makes one complete vibration, one wave is generated and the
disturbance spreads out a distance  from the source. If the source continues to vibrate
with constant frequency f, then f waves will be produced per second and the wave
advances a distance f  in one second. If v is the wave speed then
v=f
This relationship holds for all wave motions.

Frequency depends on source (not on medium), v depends on medium (not on source

frequency), but wavelength depend on both medium and source.

(d) Initial Phase :

At x = 0 and t = 0, the sine function evaluates to zero and as such y-displacement is zero.
However, a wave form can be such that y-displacement is not zero at x =0 and t = 0. In
such case, we need to account for the displacement by introducting an angle like :
y(x,t) = Asin (kx – t + )
where "" is initial phase. At x = 0 and t = 0.
y(0, 0) = A sin
()
The measurement of angle
determines following two aspects of wave
form at x = 0, t = 0 :
(i) whether the displacement is positive or negative and (ii) whether wave form
has positive or negative slope.
For a harmonic wave represented by sine function, there are two values of initial
phase angle for which displacement at reference origin (x = 0, t = 0) is positive and has
equal magnitude. We know that the sine values of angles in first and second quadrants
are positive. A pair of initial phase angles, say  = /3 and 2/3, correspond to equal
positive sine values
 are : 1
sin   2 
3 = sin  – sin
3
sin ( –
 = sin
 3 
 )
= 2
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 WAVES Page # 7

2
To choose the initial phase in between the two values /3 & 3 . We can look at a wave
motion in yet another way. A wave form at an instant is displaced by a distance x in very
small time interval t then then speed to the particle at t = 0 & x = 0 is in upward +ve
direction in further time t
v

(0,0)

Ex.1 Find out the expression of wave equation which is moving is +ve x direction and at x
= 0,
t=0y A2
=
Sol. Let y = A sin (t – kx + )
at t = 0 and x = 0

A
1
 A sin   sin =
2 2

3

= 4, 4
To choose the correct phase angle  we displaced to wave. Slightly in +ve x direction such
that

A
In above figure Paticle at a is move downward towards point b i.e. particle at x = 0 & y
2
=

have negative velocity which gives

y
 t  A cos( – kx  ) at

t = 0, x = 0
is cos = – ve (from figure) ...(2)
from above discussion 3/4 gives sin + ve and cos negative i.e.

3

4

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Note : Equation of wave which is moving –ve x direction.

v

y  A sin   t  v 
x
at time t




y  Asint
x
y = A sin ( t + kx + )
Ex.2 If ( t) & (kx) terms have same sign then the wave move toward ñve x direction
and vice versa and with diffierent initial phase.
y = A sin (t – kx) Wave move toward +ve x direction
y = A sin (–kx + t)

y = A sin (–kx – t) Wave move toward –ve x direction.

= A sin (kx + t + )
y = A sin (kx + t)

2. PARTICLE VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION :

Particle velocity at a given position x = x is obtained by differentiating wave function with

respect to time "t". We need to differentiate equation by treating "x" as constant. The
partial differentiation yields particle velocity as :

 
y(x, t) = A sin(kx – t)
vp = = –A cos (kx – t)
t t

We can use the property of cosine function to find the maximum velocity. We obtain
maximum speed when cosine function evaluates to "–1" :
 vpmax = A
The acceleration of the particle is obtained by differentiating expression of velocity partially
with respect to time :
 
 a = v = {–A cos(kx – t)} = –2 A sin (kx – t) = –2y
p
t p
t
Again the maximum value of the acceleration can be obtained using property of sine
function
:
 apmax = 2A

3. DIFFERENT FORMS OF WAVE FUNCTION :

Different forms give rise to bit of confusion about the form of wave function. The forms
used for describing wave are :
y (x, t) = A sin (kx – t)
y(x, t) = A sin (t – kx + )
Which of the two forms is correct ? In fact, both are correct so long we are in a position to
accurately interpret the equation. Starting with the first equation and using trigonometric
identity :

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 WAVES Page # 9

We have,
 A sin (kx – t) = A sin ( – kx + t) = A sin (t – kx + )

 
Thus we see that two forms represent waves along at the same speed  v  k  . They differ,

however, in phase. There is phase difference of "". This has implication on the waveform
and the manner particle oscillates at any given time instant and position. Let us consider
two waveforms at x = 0, t = 0. The slopes of the waveforms are :

x y( x, t)  kA cos(kx – t) = kA = a positive number

and 
x y( x, t)  –kA cos(t – kx) = –kA = a negative number

Forms of wave functions

y
v

y  A sin[kx – t]

x
O
vp

y  A sin[t – kx ]
vp
x
O

Exchange of terms in the argument of sine function results in a phase difference of

.

In the first case, the slope is positive and hence particle velocity is negative. It means
particle is moving from reference origin or mean position to negative extreme position. In
the second case, the slope is negative and hence particle velocity is positive. It means
particle is moving from positive extreme position to reference origin or mean position. Thus
two forms represent waves which differ in direction in which particle is moving at a given
position.
Once we select the appropriate wave form, we can write wave equation in other forms as
given here :
 t  2
(x – vt)
y(x, t) = A sin (kx – t) = A sin k  x – k  = A sin 

Further, substituting for "k" and "" in wave equation, we have :

 2 2  x t
y (x, t) = A sin  x – t  A sin 2 – 
  T    T 
If we want to represent waveform moving in negative "x" direction, then we need to
replace "t" by "–t".

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4. THE LINEAR WAVE EQUATION :

By using wave function y = A sin (t – kx + ), we can describe the motion of any point on
the string. Any point on the string moves only vertically, and so its x coordinate remains
constant. The transverse velocity vy of the point and its transverse acceleration ay are
therefore.
v y   dy  y
 dt xcons tan t  t = A cos (t – kx + ) ...
 
(1)
v y 2 y
a y  dv y 

 = –2A sin (t – kx + )..(2)
  t =
dt t2
 x cons tan t
and hence

vy. max = A

ay.max = 2A
The transverse velocity and transverse acceleration of any point on the string do not reach
their maximum value simultaneously. Infact, the transverse velocity reaches its maximum
value (A) when the displacement y = 0, whereas the transverse acceleration reaches its
maximum magnitudes (2A) when y = ± A
further y
 dy   = – kA cos (wt – kx + ) ...
(3)
 dx  x
  tcons tan
t
2 y
= = – k2A sin (t – kx + ) ...(4)
x 2

From (1) and (3) y  y

t  – k x y

 vp = – vw c slope A B

i.e. if the slope at any point is negative, particle

velocity and vice-versa, for a wave moving along x
positive
x axis i.e. v is positive. x1 x2
w

For example, consider two points A and B on the y-

curve for a wave, as shown. The wave is moving along
positive x-axis.
Slope at A is positive therefore at the given moment, its velocity is negative. That means it
is coming downward. Reverse is the situation for particle at point B.
Now using equation (2) and (4)

2 y k 2 2 y  2 y 1 2 y
 2 
x2  2 t2 x v 2 t 2
This is known as the linear wave equation or diffential equation representation of the
travelling wave model. We have developed the linear wave equation from a sinusoidal
mechanical wave travelling through a medium. But it is much more general. The linear
wave equation successfully describes waves on strings, sound waves and also
electromagnetic waves.

Thus, the above equation can be written as,

 2 y v2  2 y ...(i)

t 2 x2

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The general solution of this equation is of the form

y(x, t) = f (ax ± bt) ...(ii)
Thus, any function of x and t which satisfies Eq. (i) or which can be written as Eq. (ii)
represents a wave. The only condition is that it should be finite everywhere and at all
times. Further, if these conditions are satisfied, then speed of wave (v) is given by,

coefficient of t b
v 
coefficient of x a
Thus plus (+) sign between ax and bt implies that the wave is travelling along negative x-
direction and minus (–) sign shows that it is travelling along positive x-direction.
Ex.3 Verify that wave function
2
y
(x ñ 3t)2  1
is a solution to the linear wave equation x and y are in cm.
Sol. By taking partial derivatives of this function w.r.t x and to t.

2 y 12(x – 3t) 2 – 4

, and
x 2 [(x – 3t) 2  1] 3

2 y 108(x – 3t) 2 – 36

 t2 [(x – 3t) 2  1]3
or
 x2 9  t2

Comparing with
2
y 1  2linear
x wave equation, we see that the wave function is a solution to the

linear wave equation if the speed at which the pulse moves is 3 cm/s. It is apparent from
wave function therefore it is a solution to the linear wave equation.

Ex 4. A wave pulse is travelling on a string at 2 m/s. displacement y of the particle at x

= 0 at any time t is given by
2
y
t 1 2

Find
(i) Expression of the function y = (x, t) i.e., displacement of a particle position x
and time t.
(ii) Shape of the pulse at t = 0 and t = 1s.
 x
Sol. (i) By replacing t by  t –  , we can get the desired wave function i.e.,
 v

2
y
2
 x
 t –   1
2
(ii) We can use wave function at a particular instant, say t = 0, to find shape of the wave
pulse using different values of x.

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 Page # 12 WAVES

2
y Y
at t=0 x2 1 2
4 
at x=0 y=2
x=2 y=1 1
x=–2 y=1
x=4 y = 0.4
x = –4 y = 0.4 –2 0 –2 –4
–4
Using these value, shape is drawn.
Similarly for t = 1s, shape can drawn. What do you conclude about direction of motion of
the wave from the graphs? Also check how much the pulse has move in 1s time interval.
This is equal to wave speed. Here is the procedure.
2
y
 x  1
2
at t = 1s
 1– 
 2
at x=2 y = 2(maximum value)
x=0 y=1
at x=4 y=1
Y
at
2

t=1
t=0
1

x
0
–2 2 4 6
The pulse has moved to the right by 2 units in 1 s interval.

x
Also as t – 2 = constt.
Differentiating w.r.t time
1 dx dx
1– . 0  2
2 dt dt

Ex.5 A sinusoidal wave travelling in the positive x direction has an amplitude of 15 cm,
wavelength 40 cm and frequency 8 Hz. The vertical displacement of the medium at
t
=0 and x = 0 is also 15 cm, as shown
y(cm)

40

15
x(cm)

(a) Find the angular wave number, period angular frquency and speed of the wave.
(b) Determine the phase constant , and write a general expression for the wave function.

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 WAVES Page # 13

Sol. 2 2rad 
(a) k    40cm rad / cm
20
1 1
T s  = 2 f
= 16 s–1
f 8
v = f  = 320 cm/s
(b) It is given that A = 15 cm
and also y = 15 cm at x = 0 and t
= 0 then using y = A sin (t – kx + )
15 = 15 sin   sin  = 1
Therefore, the wave function is
  –   rad  
y = A sin (t – kx + )  (15 cm) sin (16s )t –   .x 
2   20 cm  2 

5. SPEED OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE ON A STRING

Consider a pulse travelling along a string with a speed v to the right. If the amplitude of the
pulse is small compared to the length of the string, the tension T will be approximately
constant along the string. In the reference frame moving with speed v to the right, the
pulse in stationary and the string moves with a speed v to the left. Figure shows a small
segment of the string of length l. This segment forms part of a circular arc of radius R.
Instantaneously the segment is moving with speed v in a circular path, so it has centripetal
acceleration v2/R. The forces acting on the segment are the tension T at each end. The
horizontal component of these forces are equal and opposite and thus cancel. The vertical
component of these forces point radially inward towards the centre of the circular. arc.
These radial forces provide centripetal acceleration. Let the angle substended by the
segment at centre be 2. The net radial force acting on the segment is
v
l v2 l
ar  v
R
 

R T T

R  
O

v O
(b)
(a)
Fig. (a) To obtain the speed v of a wave on a stretched string. It is convenient to describe
the motion of a small segment of the string in a moving frame of reference.
Fig. (b) In the moving frame of reference, the small segment of length l moves to the left
with speed v. The net force on the segment is in the radial direction because the
horizontal components of the tension force cancel.

F r  2T sin   2T

Where we have used the approximation sin    for small .

If  is the mass per unit length of the string, the mass of the segment of length l is
m =  l = 2R (as2  l = 2R)
mv
From Newton's second law  Fr = ma = R

 v2  T
or  v
2T = (2R)  R  

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 Page # 14 WAVES

Ex.6 Find speed of the wave generated in the

string as in the situation shown. Assume
that the tension in not
affected by the mass of the cord. 500 gm/m

Sol. T = 20 c 10 = 200 N
200
v  20m / s 20 kg
0.5

Ex.7 A taut string having tension 100 N and linear mass

density
0.25 kg/m is used inside a cart to generate a wave pulse
starting at the left end, as shown. What should be the
velocity of the cart so that pulse remains stationary
w.r.t
ground. T
Sol. Velocity of pulse =
  20m / s
Now → →
vPG = v PC  v CG
→
0 = 20 ‸i + v CG
→
→ à s
VCG  –20im/

Ex.8 One end of 12.0 m long rubber tube with a total mass of 0.9 kg is fastened to a
fixed support. A cord attached to the other and passes over a pulley and supports
an object with a mass of 5.0 kg. The tube is struck a transverse blow at one end.
Find the time required for the pulse to reach the other end (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Sol. Tension in the rubber tube AB, T = mg
T = (5.0) (9.8) = 49 N
or
Mass per unit length of rubber tube,

0.9
 = 12 = 0.075 kg/m
B
m
 Speed of wave on the tube,
A
T 49
v   25.56 m / s
 0.075
 The required time is,
12
AB  0.47 s
t  v  25.56

Ex.9 A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length 2.45 m hangs from a ceiling
(a)Find the speed of transverse wave in the rope at a point 0.5 m distant from the
lower end.
(b)Calculate the time taken by a transverse wave to travel the full length of the
rope.
Sol. (a) As the string has mass and it is suspended vertically, tension in it will be different at
different points. For a point at a distance x from the free end, tension will be due to the
weight of the string below it. So, if m is the mass of string of length l, the mass of length x

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 WAVES Page # 15

m 
of the string will be,  
x.
 l 

 m m 
T    xg  xg  
l  l 

 T
  xg

T 𝑙
or v xg ...(i)
  x

At x = 0.5 m, v  0.5  9.8 = 2.21

(b)
m/sFrom Eq. (i) we see that velocity of the wave is different at different points. So, if at
point x the wave travels a distance dx in time dt, then

dx
dx
dt  v  gx

t l
dx
  dt   gx
0 0

2.45
or l = 1.0 s Ans.
t2 g2 9.8

6. ENERGY CALCULATION IN WAVES :

,

(a) Kinetic energy per unit length

The velocity of string element in transverse direction is greatest at mean position and zero
at the extreme positions of waveform. We can find expression of transverse velocity by
differ- entiating displacement with respect to time. Now, the y-displacement is given by :
y = A sin (kx – t)
Differentiating partially with respect to time, the expression of particle velocity is :

y
v p  t = – A cos (kx – t)

In order to calculate kinetic energy, we consider a small string element of length "dx"
having mass per unit length "". The kinetic energy of the element is given by :

1 1
dK  dmv p2  dx 2 A 2 cos 2(kx – t)
2 2
This is the kinetic energy associated with the element in motion. Since it involves squared
of cosine function, its value is greatest for a phase of zero (mean position) and zero for a
phase

of 2 (maximum displacement).
Now, we get kinetic energy per unit length, "KL", by dividing this expression with the length
of small string considered :

dK 1
K L  dx  2  2 A 2 cos 2 (kx – t)

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ï Rate of transmission of kinetic energy

The rate, at which kinetic energy is transmitted, is obtained by dividing expression of
kinetic energy by small time element, "dt" :

dK 1 dx
dt  2  dt  A cos (kx – t)
2 2 2

dx
But, wave or phase speed, v, is time rate of position i.e. dt . Hence,

dK 1
dt  v 2 A 2 cos 2 (kx –2 t)

Here kinetic energy is a periodic function. We can obtain average rate of transmission of
kinetic energy by integrating the expression for integral wavelengths. Since only cos2(kx –
t) is the varying entity, we need to find average of this quantity only. Its integration over
1
intergal wavelengths give a value of " " . Hence, average rate of transmission of kinetic
2

energy is :
1 1 1
dK   v 2 A 2  v 2 A 2
|
avg 2 2 4
dt

(b) Elastic potential energy

The elastic potential energy of the string element results as string element is stretched
during its oscillation. The extension or stretching is maximum at mean position. We can
see in the figure that the length of string element of equal x-length "dx" is greater at
mean position than at the extreme. As a matter of fact, the elongation depends on the
slope of the curve. Greater the slope, greater is the elongation. The string has the least
length when slope is zero. For illustration purpose, the curve is purposely drawn in such a
manner that the elongation of string element at mean position is highlighted.

y
V

t=t

x
O

t  t  t
vp
x
O

fig : The string element stretched most at equilibrium position

Greater extension of string element corresponds to greater elastic energy. As such, it is

greatest at mean position and zero at extreme position. This deduction in contrary to the
case of SHM in which potential energy is greatest at extreme position and zero at mean
position.

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 WAVES Page # 17

ï Potential energy per unit length

When the string segment is stretched from the length
dx to the length ds an amount of work = T (ds – dx) ds
dy
is done. This is equal to the potential energy stored in
the stretched string segment. So the potential energy
in this case is :
U = T (ds – dx)

Now ds  (dx2  dy 2 )
x x + dx
 2
 dy 
 dx 1  
  dx  


from the binomial expansion
2
so ds  dx + 1  dy  dx
2 dx 

2
1   y
U = T (ds – dx)  T  dx
2  x 
or the potential energy density

2
dU  1  Ty  ...(i)
  
dx 2 x

dy
dx = kAcos (kx – t)
and T = v2 
Put above value in equation (i) then we get
dU 1
  2 A 2 cos 2 (kx – t)
dx 2

ï Rate of transmission of elastic potential energy

The rate, at which elastic potential energy is transmitted, is obtained by dividing expression
of kinetic energy by small time element, "dt". This expression is same as that for kinetic
enegy.
dU 1

v 2 A 2 cos 2 (kx – t)
dt 2
and average rate of transmission of elastic potential energy is :
1 1 1
dU   v 2 A 2  v 2 A 2
| avg 2 2 4
dt

(c) Mechanical energy per unit length

Since the expression elastic potential energy is same as that of kinetic energy, we get me-
chanical energy expression by multiplying expression of kinetic energy by "2". The
mechani- cal energy associated with small string element, "dx", is :
1 2
dmv p = dx2A 2cos 2 (kx – t)
dE = 2xdK = 2x 2
Similarly, the mechanical energy per unit length is :

dE 1
E L  dx  2x 22 A 2 cos2 (kx – t) = 2 A2 cos2 (kx – t)

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 Page # 18 WAVES

(d) Average power transmitted

The average power transmitted by wave is equal to time rate of transmission of mechanical
energy over integral wavelengths. It is equal to :
1 1
P dE 2 v 2 A 2  v 2 A
avg
 | avg
2
dt
If mass of the string is given4 in terms of mass
2 per unit volume, "", then we make
appropri- ate change in the derivation. We exchange "" by "s" where "s" is the cross
section of the string :

1
P avg  2 sv 2
(e) A2
Energy density
Since there is no loss of energy involved, it is expected that energy per unit length is
uniform throughout the string. As much energy enters that much energy goes out for a
given length of string. This average value along unit length of the string length is equal to
the average rate at which energy is being transferred.
The average mechanical energy per unit length is equal to integration of expression
over integral wavelength

1 1
EL|avg = 2x4 v2 A2 = 2 v 2 A 2
We have derived this expression for harmonic wave along a string. The concept, however,
can be extended to two or three dimensional transverse waves. In the case of three dimen-
sional transverse waves, we consider small volumetric element. We, then, use density, ,
in place of mass per unit length, . The corresponding average energy per unit volume is
referred as energy density (u) :
1
u vw 2 A 2
2
(f) Intensity
Intensity of wave (I) is defined as power transmitted per unit cross section area of the
medium :

2 1
I  sv 2 A  vw 2 A 2
2s 2
Intensity of wave (I) is a very useful concept for three dimensional waves radiating in all
direction from the source. This quantity is usually referred in the context of light waves,
which is transverse harmonic wave in three dimensions. Intensity is defined as the power
transmitted per unit cross sectional area. Since light spreads uniformly all around, intensity
is equal to power transmitted, divided by spherical surface drawn at that point with source
at its center.

Phase difference between two particles in the same wave :

The general expression for a sinusoidal wave travelling in the positive x direction is
y(x, t) = A sin (t – kx)
Eqn of Particle at x1 is given by y1 = A sin (t – kx1)
Eqn of particle which is at x2 from the origin
y2 = Asin (t – kx2)
Phase difference between particles is k(x2 –
x1) = 

Kx =   x  k

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 WAVES Page # 19

7. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION :

This principle defines the displacement of a medium particle when it is oscillating under the
influence of two or more than two waves. The principle of superposition is stated as :
"When two or more waves superpose on a medium particle than the resultant
displacement of that medium particle is given by the vector sum of the individual
displacements produced by the component waves at that medium particle independently."
Let 
y 1, y2,....... yN are the displacements produced by N independent waves at a
medium particle in absence of others then the displacemnt of that medium, when
all the waves are superposed at that point, is given as
    
y  y 1  y 2  y 3  .......  y N
If all the waves are producing oscillations at that point are collinear then the displacement
of the medium particle where superposition is taking place can be simply given by the
algebric sum of the individual displacement. Thus we have
y = y1 + y2 + ..............+y N
The above equation is valid only if all individual displacements y 1, y2 ........... yN are along
same straight line.
A simple example of superposition can be understood by figure shown. Suppose two wave
pulses are travelling simultaneously in opposite directions as shown. When they overlap
each other the displacement of particle on string is the algebric sum of the two
displacement as the displacements of the two pulses are in same direction. Figure shown
(b) also shows the similar situation when the wave pulses are in opposite side.
y v
y
v
y2 v y2
y2 x
y1 y1
y1 x
v

y
v
y
v
y2
v y2
y2 x
y1 y1 y1
x
v

y1 + y 2 v
v

v
(a) Applications of Principle of Superposition of Waves
There are several different phenomenon which takes place during superposition of two or
more wave depending on the wave characteristics which are being superposed. We'll
discuss some standard phenomenons, and these are :
(1) Interference of Wave
(2) Stationary Waves
(3) Beats
(4)Lissajou's Figures (Not discussed here in detail.)
Lets discuss these in detail.

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 Page # 20 WAVES

(b) Interference of Waves

Suppose two sinusoidal waves of same wavelength and amplitude travel in same direction
along the same straight line (may be on a stretched string) then superposition principle can
be used to define the resultant displacement of every medium particle. The resultant wave
in the medium depends on the extent to which the waves are in phase with respect to
each other, that is, how much one wave form is shifted from the other waveform. If the
two waves are exactly in same phase, that is the shape of one wave exactly fits on to the
other wave then they combine to double the displacement of every medium particle as
shown in figure (a). This phenomenon we call as constructive interference. If the
superposing waves are exactly out of phase or in opposite phase then they combine to
cancel all the displacements at every medium particle and medium remains in the form of
a straight line as shown in figure (b)

y y

A A

Wave I
x x

–A –A

y y

A +A

Wave II
x x

–A

y
y
2A

Resultant
Wave x
x

–2A (a)
(b)

This phenomenon we call destructive interference. Thus we can state that when waves
meet, they interfere constructively if they meet in same phase and destructively if they
meet in opposite phase. In either case the wave patterns do not shift relative to each
other as they propagates. Such superposing waves which have same form and wavelength
and have a fixed phase relation to each other, are called coherent waves. Sources of
coherent waves are called coherent source. Two indepedent sources can never be
coherent in nature due to practical limitations of manufacturing process. Generally all
coherent sources are made either by spliting of the wave forms of a single source or the
different sources are fed by a single main energy source.

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 WAVES Page # 21

In simple words interference is the phenomenon of superposition of two coherent

waves travelling in same direction.
We've discussed that the resultant displacement of a medium particle when two
coherent waves interfere at that point, as sum or difference of the individual displacements
by the two waves if they are in same phase (phase difference = 0, 2, .....) or opposite phase
(phase difference = , 3,.....) respectively. But the two waves can also meet at a medium
particle with phase difference other then 0 or 2, say if phase difference  is such that 0 <

< 2, then how is the displacement of the point of superposition given ? Now we
discuss the interference of waves in details analytically.

(c) Analytical Treatment of Interference of Waves

S1
A 1 sin(t  kx)
x1 y  A sin(t  kx )
1 1
1
y 2  A 2 sin(t  kx 2 )
x2
S2
A 2 sin(t  kx)
Interference implies super position of waves. Whenever two or more than two
waves superimpose each other they give sum of their individual diplacement.
Let the two waves coming from sources S1 & S2 be
y1 = A1 sin (t + kx1 )
y2 = A2 sin (t + kx2) respectively.
Due to
superposition

ynet = A1 ysin = y + y2 ) + A sin (t + kx )

net (t 1 + kx
1 2 2

Phase difference between y1 & y2 = k(x2 – x1)

i.e.,  = k(x2 – x1)

As  =  x
2 (where x = path difference &  = phase difference)

Anet = A 2  A 2  2A A cos 
1 2 1 2

 A net 2  A 21  A 2 2 2A A
1 2 cos 

 Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos  (as I  A2)

When the two displacements are in phase, then the resultant amplitude will be sum of the
two amplitude & Inet will be maximum, this is known of constructive interference.
For Inet to be maximum
cos = 1   = 2n where n = {0,1,2,3,4,5...........}
2
x  2n  x = n

For constructive interference
2
I 2
net
= ( I1  I )

When I1 = I2 = I
Inet = 4 I
Anet = A1 + A2

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 Page # 22 WAVES

When superposing waves are in opposite phase, the resultant amplitude is the difference of
two amplitudes & Inet is minimum; this is known as destructive interference.
For Inet to be minimum,
cos  = – 1
 = (2n + 1)  where n = {0,1,2,3,4,5...........}
2
x = (2n + 1)   λ
 x = (2n  1) 2

For destructive interfence

2
I

If I1 = I2
Inet = 0
Anet = A1 – A2
( I1  I2 )2
Ratio of Imax & Imin = ( I – I ) 2
1 2
Generally,

Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos 

If I 1 = I2 = I
Inet = 2I + 2Icos

Inet = 2I(1 + cos ) = 4Icos2
2

Ex.10 Wave from two source, each of same frequency and travelling in same direction,
but with intensity in the ratio 4 : 1 interfere. Find ratio of maximum to minimum
intensity.

 I1 
2

 1
 2
 I2 
I max I  I 2    2  1
2
Sol.   1
 =
 1I =   =9:1
Imin  I1 ñ I 2    2 – 1
 I2 – 1 

Ex.11 A triangular pulse moving at 2 cm/s on a rope approaches an end at which it is

free to slide on a vertical pole.

2 cm/s

1 cm
2 cm
1cm 1cm

1
(a) Draw the pulse at 2 s interval until it is completely reflected.
(b) What is the particle speed on the trailing edge at the instant depicted ?

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 WAVES Page # 23

Sol. (a) Reflection of a pulse from a free boundary is really the superposition of two identical
waves travelling in opposite direction. This can be shown as under.

1cm 1cm 1cm

+ =
2cm 1cm 1cm 2cm 2cm 1cm
At t = , S
(a) (b) (c)

2cm
1cm 1cm 1cm
+ =
2cm 1cm 1cm 2cm 2cm 1cm

At t = 1 s

(d) (e) (f)

0.5cm 1cm

0.5cm 1cm 1cm

+ =
1cm 1cm 1cm 2cm
1cm 1cm 1cm

At t = , s
(g) (h) (i)

1cm 1cm
1cm
+ =
2cm 1cm 1cm 2cm
1cm 2cm

(j) At t = 2s
(k) (i)

1
In every 2 s , each pulse (one real moving towards right and one imaginary moving towards
left travels a distance of 1 cm, as the wave speed is 2 cm/s.)
(b) Particle speed, vp = |– v (slope)|

1
Here, v = wave speed = 2 cm/s and slope = 2
 Particle speed = 1 cm/s Ans.

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Ex.12 Figure shows a rectanglar pulse and triangular pulse approaching each other. The
pulse speed is 0.5 cm/s. Sketch the resultant pulse at t = 2 s

2cm

–2 –1 0 1 2 3
x(cm)

Sol. In 2 s each pulse will travel a distance of 1 cm.

The two pulses overlap between 0 and 1 cm as shown in figure. So, A1 and A2 can be added
as shown in figure (c).

(a) A1 2cm

–1 0 1
+ (c) 2cm
A1
(b)
2cm
A2 A2 2cm

0 1 2 –1 0 1 2
Resultant pluse
at t = 2s

8. REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION IN WAVES :

1. When a pulse travelling along a string reaches the end, it is reflected. If the end is fixed as
shown in figure (a), the pulse returns inverted. This is bacause as the leading edge reaches
the wall, the string pulls up the wall. According to Newton's third law, the wall will exert an
equal and opposite force on the string as all instants. This force is therefore, directed first
down and then up. It produces a pulse that is inverted but otherwise identical to the
original.
The motion of free end can be studied by letting a ring at the end of string sliding smoothly
on the rod. The ring and rod maintain the tension but exert no transverse force.

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 WAVES Page # 25

(a) (b)

Reflection of wave pulse (a) at a fixed end

of a string and (b) at a free end. Time
increases from top to bottom in each figure.

When a wave arrives at this free end, the ring slides the rod. The ring reaches a maximum
displacement. At this position the ring and string come momentarily to rest as in the
fourth drawing from the top in figure (b). But the string is stretched in this position, giving
in- creased tension, so the free end of the string is pulled back down, and again a reflected
pulse is produced, but now the direction of the displacement is the same as for the initial
pulse.

2. The formation of the reflected pulse is similar to the overlap of two pulses travelling in
opposite directions. The net displacement at any point is given by the principle of
superpo- sition.

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 Page # 26 WAVES

(a) (b)

Fig (a) : shows two pulses with the same shape, one inverted with respect to the other,
travelling in opposite directions. Because these two pulses have the same shape the net
displacement of the point where the string is attached to the wall is zero at all times.
Fig (b) : shows two pulses with the same shape, travelling in oppoiste directions but not
inverted relative to each other. Note that at one instant, the displacement of the free end is
double the pulse height.

9. REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO STRING :

Here we are dealing with the case where the end point is neither completely fixed nor
completely free to move As we consider an example where a light string is attached to a
heavy string as shown is figure a.
If a wave pulse is produced on a light string moving towards the friction a part of the wave
is reflected and a part is transmitted on the heavier string the reflected wave is inverted
with respect to the original one.

T
v1  v2
1 y  At sin(t – k 2 x)
T
v2 
2 At
(v 2 , 2 ) v1> v2
(v 1 , 1 ) Ar

v1 y  Ar sin(t  k 1x  )
y  A i sin(t – k 1x)

figure (a)

On the other hand if the wave is produced on the heavier string which moves toward the
junction a part will the reflected and a part transmitted, no inversion in waves shape will
take place.

The wave velocity is smaller for the heavier string lighter string
v1
y  Ai sin(t – k 1x)
v2
P
1 2

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 WAVES Page # 27

v2
v1
Ar At
P

y  Ar sin(t  k1 x) y  At sin(t – k 2 x)

figure : (b)
Now to find the relation between Ai, Ar, At we consider the figure (b)
Incident Power = Reflected Power + Transmitted Power
P i = Pr + P t

22 f 2 Ai 2  1 v 1  22 f 2 A r 2 1 v1  2 2 f 2 A t 2  2 v 2 ...(i)

T T
Put 1 = 2 and 2 = 2
v v
1 2

in equation (i) their

 
Avi12 v1 v2 A r
2
At2

2 2 v
Ai  A r  1 t
2
.......(ii)
A v 2

Maximum displacement of joint particle P (as shown in figure) due to left string
= Ai + Ar
Maximum displacement of joint particle due to right string = At
At the boundary (at point P) the wave must be continuous, that is there are no kinks in it.
Then we must have Ai + Ar = At ...
(iii) from equation (ii) & (iii)

v1 ...(iv)
Ai – Ar = v At
2

from eq. (iii) & (iv)

 2v 2 
At =  v1  v 2A
i

 v 2 – v1 
Ar =  v1  v 2 A
i

10. STANDING WAVES :

In previous section we've discussed that when two coherent waves superpose on a medium
particle, phenomenon of interference takes place. Similarly when two coherent waves
travelling in opposite direction superpose then simultaneous interference if all the medium
particles takes place. These waves interfere to produce a pattern of all the medium
particles what we call, a stationary wave. If the two interfering waves which travel in
opposite direction carry equal energies then no net flow of energy takes place in the
region of superposition. Within this region redistribution of energy takes place between
medium particles. There are some medium particles where constructive interference takes
place and hence energy increases and on the other hand there are some medium particles
where destructive interference takes place and energy decreases. Now we'll discuss the
stationary waves analytically.

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 Page # 28 WAVES

Let two waves of equal amplitude are travelling in opposite direction along x-axis.
The wave equation of the two waves can be given as
y1 = A sin (t – kx) [Wave travelling in +x direction] ...(1)
and y2 = A sin (t + kx) [Wave travelling in –x direction] ...(2)
When the two waves superpose on medium particles, the resultant displacement of the
medium particles can be given as
y = y1 + y2
or y = A sin (t – kx) + A sin (t + kx)
or y = A [sint cos kx – cos t sin kx + sin t cos kx + cos t sin kx]
or y = 2A cos kx sin t ...(3)
Equation (3) can be rewritten as
y = R sin t ...(4)
Where R = 2 A cos kx ...(5)
Here equation (4) is an equation of SHM. It implies that after superposition of the two
waves the medium particles executes SHM with same frequency  and amplitude R which
is given by equation (5) Here we can see that the oscillation amplitude of medium
particles depends on x i.e. the position of medium particles. Thus on superposition of two
coherent waves travelling in opposite direction the resulting interference pattern, we call
stationary waves, the oscillation amplitude of the medium particle at different positions is
different.
At some point of medium the resultant amplitude is maximum which are given as
R is maximum when cos kx = ± 1

or 2 [N  I]
 x  N

or N
x= 2

 3
or x = 0, , , .....
2
2
and the maximum value of R is given as ...(6)
Rmax= ± 2 A  3
Thus in the medium at position x = 0, , , , ........... the waves interfere constructively
2 2
and the amplitude of oscillations becomes 2A. Similarly at some points of the medium, the
waves interfere destructively, the oscillation amplitude become minimum i.e. zero in this
case. These are the points where R is minimum, when
cos kx = 0
2x 
or  (2N  1)

2
or  [N  I]
x = (2N + 1) 4

or  3
x 4, 4 , 4
and the minimum
5 value of R is given as
...........
Rmin = 0 [7]

 3 5
Thus in the medium at position x = 4 , 4 , 4 ......... the waves interfere destructively and
the amplitude of oscillation becomes zero. These points always remain at rest.
Figure (a)
shows the oscillation amplitude of different medium particles in a stationary
waves.
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 WAVES Page # 29

figure (a)
In figure (a) we can see that the medium particles at which constructive interference takes
place are called antinodes of stationary wave and the points of destructive interference
are called nodes of stationary waves which always remain at rest.
Figure (b) explain the movement of medium particles with time in the region where
stationary
waves are formed. Let us assume that at an instant t = 0 all the medium particles are at
their extreme positions as shown in figure - (b - 1). Here points ABCD are the nodes of
stationary waves where medium particles remains at rest. All other starts moving towards
their mean
positions and t = T / 4 all particles cross their mean position as shown in figure (b – 3), you
can see in the figure that the particles at nodes are not moving. Now the medium crosses
their mean position and starts moving on other side of mean position toward the other
extreme position. At time t = T/2, all the particles reach their other extreme position as
shown in figure (b - 5) and at time t = 3T/4 again all these particles cross their mean
position in opposite direction as shown in figure (b - 7).

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8) (9)

figure (b)
Based on the above analysis of one complete oscillations of the medium particles, we can
make some interference for a stationary waves. These are :
(i)In oscillations of stationary wave in a region, some points are always at rest (nodes) and
some oscillates with maximum amplitudes (antinodes). All other medium particles oscillate
with amplitudes less then those of antinodes.
(ii) All medium particles between two successive nodes oscillate in same phase and all
medium particles on one side of a node oscillate in opposite phase with those on the other
side of the same node.
(iii)In the region of a stationary wave during one complete oscillation all the medium
particles come in the form of a straight line twice.
(iv)If the component wave amplitudes are equal, then in the region where stationary wave
is formed, no net flow of energy takes place, only redistribution of energy takes place in
the medium.

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 Page # 30 WAVES

(a) Different Equation for a Stationary Wave

Consider two equal amplitude waves travelling in opposite direction as
y1 = A sin (t – kx) ...(11)
and y2 = A sin (t + kx) ...(12)
The result of superposition of these two waves is
y = 2A cos kx sin t ...(13)
Which is the equation of stationary wave where 2A cos kx represents the amplitude of
medium particle situated at position x and sin t is the time sinusoidal factor. This
equation (13) can be written in several ways depending on initial phase differences in the
component waves given by equation (11)) can (12). If the superposing waves are having
an initial phase difference , then the component waves can be expressed as
y1 = A sin (t – kx) ...(14)
y2 = – A sin (t – kx) ...(15)
Superposition of the above two waves will result
y = 2A sin kx cos t ...(16)
Equation (16) is also an equation of stationary wave but here amplitude of different
medium particles in the region of interference is given by
R = 2A sin kx ...(17)
Similarly the possible equations of a stationary wave can be written as
y = A0 sin kx cos ( t + ) ....(18)
y = A0 cos kx sin (t + ) ...(19)
y = A0 sin kx sin (t + ) ...(20)
y = A0 cos kx cos (t + ) ...(21)
Here A0 is the amplitude of antinodes. In a pure stationary wave it is given as

A0 = 2A
Where A is the amplitude of component waves. If we care fully look at equation (18) to (21), we
can see that in equation (18) and (20), the particle amplitude is given by
R = A0 sin kx

...(22)
Here at x = 0, there is nodes as R = 0 and in equation (19) and (21) the particle amplitude is
given as
R = A0 cos kx

...(23)
Here at x = 0, there is an antinode as R = A0. Thus we can state that in a given system of co-
ordinates when origin of system is at a node we use either equation (18) or (20) for
analytical representation of a stationary wave and we use equation (19) or (21) for the
same when an antinode is located at the origin of system.
x=L
x=0
Ex.13 Find out the equation of the standing waves for the following standing wave pat-
tern.

2 x x x
(A) A sin L x cos t A sin cos t (C) A cos 2L cos t (D) A cos L cos t
(B) L

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 WAVES Page # 31

Sol. General Equation of standing wave

y = A cos t
where
A = A sin (kx + )
here =L

 2
k= L
 2 
A sin x
A = A sin (kx + ) = 
 
L
at x = 0 node
 A = 0 at x = 0
 =0

2 y
eq. of standing wave = A sin L x cos t
2A
Ex.14 Figure shows the standing waves pattern
in a string at t = 0. Find out the equation of A
the standing wave where the amplitude of
antinode is 2A. x
Sol. Let we assume the equation of standing waves
is = A sin (t + ) –2A
where A = 2A sin (kx + )
 x = 0 is node  A = 0, at x = 0
2A sin  = 0   = 0
at t = 0 Particle at is at y = A and going towards mean position.

   5
= + =
2 3 6
so eq. of standing waves is

 5  
y = 2Asin kx sin  t  6 

Ex.15 A string 120 cm in length sustains standing wave with the points of the string at
which the displacement amplitude is equal to 3.5 mm being separated by 15.0 cm.
The maximum displacement amplitude is X. 95 mm then find out the value of X.
Sol. In this problem two cases are possible :

A x=0 B
B x=0

15cm 15cm
Case - I is that A and B have the same displacement amplitude and case - 2 is that C and
D have the same amplitude viz 3.5 mm. In case 1, if x = 0 is taken at antinode then
A = a cos kx
In case -2, if x = 0 is taken at node, then
A = a sin kx
But since nothing is given in the question.
Hence from both the cases, result should be same. This is possible only when
a cos kx = a sin kx


A 3.5
or kx = 4 or a  cos kx  cos  / 4  4.95mm

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(b) Energy of standing wave in one loop

When all the particles of one loop are at extreme position then total energy in the loop is in
the form of potential energy only when the particles reaches its mean position then total
potential energy converts into kinetic energy of the particles so we can say total energy of
the loop remains constant
Total kinetic energy at mean position is equal to total energy of the loop because potential
energy at mean position is zero.
Small kinetic energy of the particle
which is in element dx is x dx

𝑙  / 2
1 2
d (KE) = dmv
2

dm =  dx
Velocity of particle at mean position
= 2A sin kx 

1
then d (KE) = 2 dx . 4A2 2 sin2kx  d (KE) = 2A22 . sin2kx dx
/2

 d(K.E)  2A 2  2   sin 2
kxdx
0

 /2
/2 1
 A 2 2   x – sin 2kx 
(1 – cos 2kx)dx = A 2  2 
2 2
Total K.E = A    2k 0 2
0
11. STATIONARY WAVES IN STRINGS :

(a) When both end of string is fixed :

A string of length L is stretched between two points. When the string is set into vibrations,
a transverse progressive wave begins to travel along the string. It is reflected at the
other fixed end. The incident and the reflected waves interfere to produce a stationary
transverse wave in which the ends are always nodes, if both ends of string are fixed.
Fundamental Mode
(a) In the simplest form, the string vibrates in one loop in which the ends are the nodes and
the centre is the antinode. This mode of vibration is known as the fundamental mode and
frequency of vibration is known as the fundamental frequency or first harmonic.


Since the distance between consecutive nodes is 2

   1 = 2L
 L  21

If f1 is the fundamental frequency of vibration, then the velocity of transverse waves is

given as,

v
v  1f1 or 1
f  ...
(i) 2L

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 WAVES Page # 33

First Overtone
(b) The same string under the same conditions
may also vibrate in two loops, such that the
cen- tre is also the node

 2 2  2 = L
L 2  
If f2 is frequency of vibrations 2 2

 f2  v  v
2
L

v ...(ii)
 f2  L

The frequency f2 is known as second harmonic or first overtone.

Second Overtone
(c) The same string under the same
conditions may also vibrate in three
segments. 3
 L 3

2
2
 3  3 L

If f3 is the frequency in this mode of vibration, then,

f3  3v ...(iii)
2L
The frequency f3 is known as third harmonic or second overtone.
Thus a stretched string vibrates with frequencies, which are integral multiples of the funda-
mental frequencies. These frequencies are known as harmonics.
T
. Where T = tension
The velocity of transverse wave in stretched string is given as v   in

the string.
 = linear density or mass per unit length of string. If the string fixed at two ends, vibrates
in its fundamental mode, then

T
1 ....(17)
f  2L 

n
In general f = nth harmonic
T
(n – 1)th overtone
2𝑙 
In general, any integral multiple of the fundamental frequency is an allowed frequency.
These higher frequenceis are called overtones. Thus, v 1 = 2v0 is the first overtone, v 2 = 3v0
is the second overtone etc. An integral multiple of a frequency is called its harmonic. Thus,
for a string fixed at both the ends, all the overtones are harmonics of the fundamental
frequency and all the harmonics of the fundamental frequency are overtones.

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 Page # 34 WAVES

(b) When one end of the string is fixed and other is free
: free end acts as antinode

𝑙  / 4 T
1. 1 fundamental or Ist harmonic
f  4𝑙 

2. 𝑙 3 / 4 3 T IIIrd harmonic or Ist overtone

f
4𝑙

(2n  1) T
((2n + 1)th harmonic, nth overtone)
In general : f  4𝑙

S .No. Tra ve lling w a ve s S ta tiona ry w a ve s

1 These waves advance in a medium with a These waves remain stationary between two definite
velocity boundaries in the medium.

2 In these waves, all particles of the In these waves, all particles except nodes medium
oscillate with same frequency oscillate with same frequency but different and amplitude.
amplitudes. Amplitude is zero at nodes and
maximum at antinodes.
3 At any instant phase of vibration varies At any instant the phase of all particles continuosly
from one particle to the other between two successive nodes is the i.e., phase
difference between two same, but phase of particles on one side of particles
can have any value between a node is opposite to the phase of particles 0 and
2 on the other side of the node, i.e, phase difference between
any two particles can be
either 0 or 

4 In these wave, at no instant all the In these waves all particles of the medium particles of
the medium pass through pass through their mean position their mean positions
simultaneously. simultaneously twice in each time period.
5 These waves transmit energy in the These waves do not transmit energy in the medium.
medium.

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 WAVES Page # 35

Exercise - I (Objective Problems)

1. A transverse wave is described by the
equation Y = Y0 sin 2 (ft – x/). The maximum z  exp[(x  2) 2 ], Where ëxí is in meters. At
particle velocity is equal to four times the wave t=1s, the same wave disturbance is
(A)  = if Y0/4
velocity (B)  =  Y0/2 given by:
(C)  =  Y0 (D)  = 2 Y0
z  exp[(2
velocity is  x)2 ], Then the wave propagation
2. Both the strings, show in figure, are made of (A) 4 m/s in + x
same material and have same cross section. direction
The pulleys are light. The wave speed of a (B) 4 m/s in –x direction
transverse wave in the string AB is v1 and in (C) 2 m/s in + x
CD
v1/vit
2
is v2. The
is direction y
A (C) 2 m/s in –x direction 1
8. The equation of
0
a waveas
x-axis, travelling
shown in –0.5
x
B C along
figure the
at t=0
positive
is
–0.1
given by
  
  
D
(A) sin kx – t  (B) sinkx – t –
 6 6
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 1/ 2 
  
3.A transverse wave of amplitude 0.50 m, (C) sin t – kx  (D)
  
wavelength 1 m and frequency 2 hertz is 6 sint – kx – 6
propagating in a string in the negative x- 9. Figure
 shown the shape of part of a long
direction. string  in which transverse waves are
The expression form of the wave is produced by attaching one end of the string to
(A) y(x,t) = 0.5 sin (2x – 4t) tuning fork of frequency 250Hz. What is the
(B) y(x,t) = 0.5 cos (2x + 4t) waves?
velocity of the
5cm
(C) y(x,t) = 0.5 sin (x – 2t) 0.3cm
(D) y(x,t) = 0.5 cos (2x – 2t) O
0.1cm
4.Two stretched wires A and B of the same –5cm 0.5cm
lengths vibrate independently. If the radius,
density and tension of wire A are respectively (A) 1.0 ms–1 (B) 1.5 ms–1 (C) 2.0 ms–1 (D) 2.5 ms–1
twice those of wire B, then the fundamental 10. A block of mass 1 kg is
frequency of vibration of A relative to that of B hanging vertically from a string
is (A)
5.A 1:1 wire(B)
copper 1:2 at the(C)
is held two1:4 (D)by1:8
ends rigid m and Mass/length
of length 1 =0.001 kg/m.
supports. At 30PC the wire is just taut, with A small pulse is generated at its 1m
negligible tension, The speed of transverse lower end. The Pulse reaches the
waves in this wire at 10PC is : top end in approximately.
( =1.7 S 10–5/PC, Y = 1.3 S 1011 N/m2, d = 9 S (A) 0.2sec (B) 0.1sec (C) 0.02sec (D) 0.01sec
103 kg/m3). 11. A uniform rope having some mass hanges
(A) 80 m/s (B) 90 m/s (C) 100 m/s (D) 70 m/s vertically from a rigid support. A transverse
wave pulse is produced at the lower end. The
6.A wave pulse is generated in a string that lies
speed
along x-axis. At the points A and B, as shown in (v) of the wave pulse varies with height (h)
figure, if RA and RB are ratio of wave speed to fromv
particle
the speed respectively then : v
y
the lower end as:
B V (A) (B)

A h h
x
v v
(A) RA > RB (B) RB > RA (C) RA = RB
(D) Information is not sufficient to decide.
7. A wave is propagating along x-axis. The (C) (D)
displacement of particles of the medium in Z-
h h
direc ti on at t= 0 is gi ven by:

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 Page # 36 WAVES

12. A wire of 102 kg m1 passes over a frictionless

light pulley fixed on the top of a frictionless 1cm
2cm
inclined plane, which makes an angle of 300
(C) 1cm (D)
with the
horizontal. Masses m and M are tied at two ends O 1cm
of wire such that m rests on the plane and M
hangs freely vertically downwards. The entire 17.A string 1m long is drawn by a 300Hz
system is in equilibrium and a transverse wave vibrator attached to its end. The string
propagates vibrates in 3 segments. The speed of
m 1 m transverse waves in the string is equal to
(A) M=5 4
along thekg (B)with
wire (C) m=20
M a 4velocity kgms
of 100 (D)
1
. M (A) 100m/s (B) 200m/s (C) 300m/s (D)
13. A pulse shown here is reflected from the 400m/s
rigid wall A and then from free end B. The
18.The frequency of a sonometer wire is f, but
shape of the string after these 2 Reflection will
when the weights producing the tensions are
be.
completely immersed in water the frequency
becomes f/2 and on immersing the weights in a
A certain liquid the frequency becomes f/3. The
B
specific
4 gravity of the
16 liquid is: 15
(A)
32 (B) (C) (D)

3 9 12
19. For a wave displacement
27 amplitude is 10–8
(A) A
(B) A m, density of air 1.3 kg m , velocity in air 340
–3
B B
ms–1 and frequency is 2000 Hz. The intensity of
wave is -
(A) 5.3 S 10–4 Wm–2 (B) 5.3 S 10–6 Wm –2
(C) 3.5 S 10–8 Wm–2 (D) 3.5 S 10–6 Wm–2
(C) A
(D) A 20. A wave moving with constant speed on a
B B
uniform string passes the point x = 0 with
amplitude A0, angular frequency 0 and average
14. A composition String is made up by joining rate of energy transfer P0. As the wave travels
two strings of different masses per unit length down the string it gradually loses energy and at
  and 4. the composite string is under the the point x = 𝑙, the average rate of energy
same tension. A transverse wave pulse: Y =
P
(6mm) sin transfer becomes 20 . At the point x = ,𝑙 angular
(5t+40x), Where ëtí is in seconds and ëxí in frequency and amplitude are
meters, is sent along the lighter string towards respectively.
the joint. The joint is at x=0. The equation of (A)  0 and A 0/ 2 (B)  0/ 2 and A 0
the wave pulse reflected from the joint is
(C) less than 0 and A0 (D) 0/ 2 and A0 / 2
(A) (2mm) sin (5t-40x)
(B) (4 mm) sin (40x-5t) 21. Two waves of equal amplitude A, and equal
(C) –(2 mm) sin (5t-40x) frequency travels in the same direction in a
(D) (2 mm) sin (5t-10x) medium. The amplitude of the resultant wave is
(A) 0 (B) A (C) 2A
15. In the previous question, the percentage of (D) between 0 and 2A
power transmitted to the heavier string
through the joint is approximately 22. When two waves of the same amplitude
(A) 33% (B) and frequency but having a phase difference of
16. A Wave pulse on89%
a string has(C)
the67% (D)
dimension
75% , travelling with the same speed in the same
shown in figure. The waves speed is v=1 cm/s.
direction (positive x), interfere, then
If point O is a free end. The shape of wave at
v=1cm/s (A) their resultant amplitude will be twice that
t=3 s
time
of
is: 1 cm a single wave but the frequency will be same
O (B)their resultant amplitude and frequency will
both be twice that of a single wave
1cm 1cm 2cm (C) their resultant amplitude will depend on the
O phase angle while the frequency will be the
same
1cm
(D)the frequency and amplitude of the resultant
(A) O (B) wave will depend upon the phase angle.
1cm 23. A wave pulse, travelling on a two piece
string,
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 WAVES Page # 37

at the junction. The reflected wave is inverted wave to form a statioary wave such that the
in shape as compared to the incident one. If point x=0 is a node. The equation of the other
the incident wave has wavelength  and wave is:
the transmitted wave . (A) -Asin(kx+ωt) (B) -Acos(kx+ωt)
(A)  >  (B)  = (C)  < 
(D)
 nothing can be said about the relation of  and (C) Asin(kx+ωt) (D) A cos(kx + ωt)
.
30. A taut string at both ends vibrates in its nth
24. The rate of transfer of energy in a wave
overtone. The distance between adjacent Node
depends
and antinode is found to be ëdí If the length of
(A) directly on the square of the wave
the string is L, then
amplitude (A) (B) L=d(n+1)
and square of the wave frequency L=2d(n+1) (D) L = 2d(n –
(B)directly on the square of the wave amplitude (C) L=2dn 1)
31. A metallic Wire of length L is fixed
and square root of the wave frequency
between two rigid supports. If the wire is
(C) directly on the wave frequency and square
cooled through a temperature difference T (Y
of the wave amplitude
= youngís modulus,
(D)directly on the wave amplitude and square of
 = density,  = coefficient of linear expansion)
the wave frequency.
then the frequency of transverse vibration is
25. Two wave pulses travel in opposite proportional
 to: Y  
directions on a string and approach each other. (A) (B) (C) (D)
The shape of the one pulse in inverted with Y  Y Y
respect to the other.
(E) the pulses will collide with each other and 20
32. A Standing Wave y  A sin( 3  x) cos (1000 t ) is
vanish after collision. maintained in a taut string where y and x are
(B)the pulses will reflect from each other i.e., expressed in meters. The distance between the
the pulse going towards right will finally move successive points oscillating with the amplitude
towards left and vice versa. A/ 2 across a node is equal to
(C) the pulses will pass through each other but (A) 2.5 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 5 cm (D) 10
their shapes will be modified cm
33. A string of length 1m and linear mass
(D)the pulses will pass through each other
density
without any change in their shape.
0.01 kgm 1 is stretched to a tension of
26. A harmonic wave is travelling on string 1.
At a junction with string 2 it is partly reflected 100N.when both ends of the string are fixed,
and partly transmitted. The linear mass density the three lowest frequencies for standing
of the second string is four times that of the
first string, and that the boundary between the wave are f1, f 2 and f3 .
two strings is at x =0. If the expression for the n 3. Then
n1, n 2 andonly
when
incident wave is, yi = Ai cos (k1x – 1t) (A) n3 = 5n1one
= f3 end of the string is fixed, the
= 125
three
Hz (B) f3 = 5f1 = n2 = 125for standing wave are
lowest frequencies
Then1 findout the expression for3 the transmitted
Hz (C) f3 = n2 = 3f1 =
wave. (B) A i cos(2k 1x –  1t)
(A) A i cos(2k 1x –  1t) 2 2 150 Hz
3 f f
(D) n 2  1 2 2  75 Hz
(C) 3 A i cos(2k 1x –  1t) 34. A wave represented by the equation y = a
(D) None
27. A wave is represented by the equation cos (kx – t) is superposed with another wave
y = to form a stationary wave such that the point x
1 0sin 2 (100t  0.02 X )  10 sin 2 (100t 
0.02X ). The maximum amplitude and loop = 0 is a node. The equation for other wave is :
length are respectively (A) a sin (kx + t) (B) – a cos (kx + t)
(A) 20 units and 30 units (C) – a cos (kx – t) (D) – a sin (kx – t)
(B) 20 units and 25 units 35.A stretched sonometer wire resonates at a
(C) 30 units and 20 units frequency of 350 Hz and at the next higher
(D) 25 units and 20 units frequency of 420 Hz. The fundamental
28. The resultant amplitude due to frequency of this wire is :
superposition of two waves (A) 350 Hz (B) 5 Hz (C) 70 Hz (D) 170
Hz
Y1  5 sin (wt  kx) and y  25 cos (wt  kx  150 0

) 36. In a stationary wave represented by y = a

(A) 5 (B) 5 3 (C) 5 2 – 3 (D) 5 2  3 sin
29. A wave represented by the equation t cos kx, amplitude of the component
y  Acos(kx  t) is superimposed with another progressive wave is :
a
(A) (B) a (C) 2a (D)
None

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 Page # 38 WAVES

Exercise - II (Multiple Choice Problems)

y b
1. A wave equation which gives the
displacement along the Y direction is given by a c h x
Y = 10–4 sin (60t + 2x) o
d
where x and y are in metres and t is time in e
seconds. This represents a wave f g
(A) travelling with a velocity of 30 m/s in the 7. The points moving upward
negative x direction. (A) a
is/are (B) c (C) f (D) g
(B) of wavelength  metre 8. The points moving downwards
(C) of frequency 30/ hertz (A) o
is/are (B) b (C) d (D) h
(D)of amplitude 10–4 metre travelling along the 9. The stationary points is/are
negative x direction. (A) o (B) b (C) f (D) h
2. The displacement of a particle in a medium 10. The points moving with maximum speed
due to a wave travelling in the x-direction (A) b
is/are (B) c (C) d (D)
through the medium is given by y = A sin ( t – h
11. A perfectly elastic uniform string is
x), where t = time, and  and  are suspended vertically with its upper end fixed to
constants : the ceiling and the lower end loaded with the
(E) the frequency of the wave is  weight. If a transverse wave is imparted to the
(F) the frequency of the wave is /2 lower end of the string, the pulse will
(G) the wavelength is 2/ (A) not travel along the length of the string
(H) the velocity of the wave is / (B) travel upwards with increasing speed
3. A sinusoidal progressive wave is generated in a (C) travel upwards with decreasing speed
string. Itís equation is given by y = (2 mm) sin (D) travelled upwards with constant acceleration
(2x 12. One end of a string of length L is tied to the
– 1001 t + /3). 1The time when
1 particle at
1 x = 4 ceiling of a lift accelerating upwards with an
(A) sec (B) sec (C) sec (D) sec
m acceleration 2g. The other end of the string is
150 12 300 100
first passes through mean position, will be free. The linear mass density of the string
4.A transverse wave is described by the equation varies linearly from 0 to  from bottom to top.
y = A sin [2(ft – x/)]. The maximum particle (E) The velocity of the wave in the string will be
velocity is equal to four times the wave 0.
velocity if : (F)The acceleration of the wave on the string
(A)  = A/4 (B) =A/2 (C)  = A (D)  = will be 3g/4 every where.
2A (G) The time taken by a pulse to reach from
5.A wave equation is given as y = cos(500t –
bottom to top will be
8L / 3g .
70x), where y is in mm, x in m and t is in sec.
(A) the wave must be a transverse propagating (D) The time taken by a pulse to reach from
wave.
(B) The speed of the wave is 50/7 m/s bottom to top will be
4L / 3g .
 x
(C) The frequency of oscillations 1000 Hz 13. A plane wave y = A sin  t  v undergo a

(D)Two closest points which are in same phase normal incidence on a plane 

boundary
have separation 20/7 cm. separating medium M1 and M2 and splits into a
6. At a certain
photograph of moment, the
a string on y reflected and transmitted wave having speeds
which a harmonic wave is v1 and v2 then
Q
travelling to the right is (A) for all values of v1 and v2 the phase of
shown. Then, which of the transmitted wave is same as that of incident
P x
following is true R wave
regarding the velocities of (B)for all values of v1 and v2 the phase of reflected
the points P, Q and R on wave is same as that of incident wave
the string. (B) vQ = – vR (C) the phase of transmitted wave depends
(A)
(C) v
|vP Pis upwards
| > |vQ| = |vR| (D) vQ = vR upon
Question No. 7 to 10 (4 v1 and v2
questions)
The figure represents the instantaneous picture (D)the phase of reflected wave depends upon v1
of a transverse harmonic wave traveling along and v2
the negativ e x-axis. Choose the correct 14. Two waves of equal frequency f and velocity
alternative(s) related to the movement of the v travel in opposite directions along the same
nine points shown in the figure. path. The waves have amplitudes A and 3A.
Then :
(E) the amplitude of the resulting wave varies
with Kota,
394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar position
Ph.between maxima of
No. : 93141-87482, amplitude 4A
0744-2209671
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 WAVES Page # 39

minima of amplitude is V/2f the consecutive nodes. For the next higher
(C)at point on the path the average resonant frequency, this separation is reduced
displacement is zero to
(D) the position of a maxima or minima of 1.6 cm. The length of the string is
amplitude (A) 4.0 cm (B) 8.0 cm (C) 12.0 cm (D) 16.0
does not change with time cm
15. The vibration of a string fixed at both ends 20. A clamped string is oscillating in nth
are described by Y = 2 sin(x)sin (100t) where harmonic, then
Y is in mm, x is in cm, t in sec then (A) total energy of oscillations will be n2 times
(E) Maximum displacement of the particle at x that of fundamental frequency
= (B)total energy of oscillations will be (n – 1)2
1/6 cm would be 1mm. times that of fundamental frequency
(B)velocity of the particle at x = 1/6 cm at time (C) average kinetic energy of the string over a
t = 1/600 sec will be 1573 mm/s complete oscillations is half of that of the total
(C) If the length of the string be 10 cm, number energy of the string.
of loop in it would be 5 (D) none of these.
(D) None of these 21. Figure, shows a stationary wave between
16. In a standing wave on a string. two fixed points P and Q.
(E)In one time period all the particles are Which point(s) of 1, 2 and 3 are in phase with
simultaneously at rest twice. the point x? P X 1 23 Q
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(F) All the particles must be at their positive (B) 1 and 2 only
(C) 2 and 3 only
extremes simultaneously once in one time (D) 3 only
period. 22. The equation of a wave disturbance is given
(C)All the particles may be at their positive  
y  0.02 cos   50t cos(10x)
extremes simultaneously once in a time period. as :  2  , where x and
(D) All the particles are never at rest y are in meters and t in seconds. Choose the
simultaneously.
wrong statement
17. A standing wave pattern of amplitude A in a (A) Antinode occurs at x = 0.3 m
string of length L shows 2 nodes (plus those at (B) The wavelength is 0.2 m
two ends). If one end of the string corresponds (C) The speed of the constituent waves is 4m/s
to the origin and v is the speed of progressive (D) Node occurs at x = 0.15 m
wave, the disturbance 2x  in the 
2vtstring, could be 23. In a stationary wave,
(A) y(x, t) = A sin  cos
represented (with appropriate
L   L phase)
 as : (E) all the particles of the medium vibrate in
 3 x   2vt  phase
(B) y(x, t) = A cos L  sin (F) all the antinodes vibrate in phase
  L
(G) the alternate antinodes vibrate in phase
(C) y(x, t) = A cos  4x  cos 4vt 
(H)all the particles between consecutive nodes
 L    vibrate in phase
L
 3x   3 vt 
(D) y(x, t) = A sin  cos
 L   L 
18. The length, tension, diameter and density
of a wire B are double than the corresponding
quantities for another stretched wire A. Then.
1
(A) Fundamental frequency of B is times
2 2
that of A.
1
(B) The velocity of wave in B is
times that of
2

velocity in A.
(C)The fundamental frequency of A is equal to
the third overtone of B.
(D) The velocity of wave in B is half that of
velocity in A.
19. A string is fixed at both ends vibrates in a
resonant mode with a separation 2.0 cm
between

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 Page # 40 WAVES

Exercise - III (Subjective Problems)

1. Consider the wave y = (5 mm) sin (1 cm–1) x
– (60 s–1)t] Find (a) the amplitude (b) the wave
number, (c) the wavelength, (d) the
25cm
frequency,
(e) the time period and (f) the wave velocity.
2.0m
2. The wave function for a traveling wave on a 2kg
taut string is (in SI unit)
y(x, t) = (0.350 m) sin (10 t – 3x + /4)
(a)What are the speed and direction of travel of
the wave ? 7.A uniform rope of length 12 m and mass 6 kg
(b)What is the vertical displacement of the string hange vertically from a rigid support. A block of
at t = 0, x = 0.100 m ? mass 2 kg is attached to the free end of the
(c)What are wavelength and frequency of the rope. A transverse pulse of wavelength 0.06 m
wave ? is produced at the lower end of the rope. What
(d) What is the maximum magnitude of the is the wavelength of the pulse when it reaches
transverse speed of a particle of the string ? the top of the rope ?

3. The string shown in figure is driven at a 8.A particle on stretched string supporting a
frequecy of 5.00 Hz. The amplitude of the travelling wave, takes 5.0 ms to move from its
motion is 12.0 cm, and the wave speed is 20.0 mean position to the extreme position. The
m/s. Furthermore, the wave is such that y = 0 distance between two consecutive particles,
at x = 0 and t = 0. Determine (a) the angular which are at their mean position, is 2.0 cm.
Find the frequency, the wavelength and the
frequency and (b) wave number for this wave.
wave speed.
(c) Write an expression for the wave function.
Calculate (d) the maximum transverse speed 9.A 6.00 m segment of a long string has a mass
and (e) the maximum transverse acceleration of 180 g. A high-speed photograph shows the
of a point on the string. at segment contains four complete cycles of
y wave. The string is vibrating sinusoidally with a
x frequency of 50.0 Hz and a peak=to-valley
displacement of
15.0 cm. (The "peak-to-valley" displacement is
x=0
the vertical distance from the farthest positive
4.Two strings A and B with  = 2 kg/m and  = 8 di sp l acem ent to the f arthest negati ve
kg/m respectively are joined in series and kept displacement. (a) Write the function that
on a horizontal table with both the ends fixed. describes this wave traveling in the positive x
The tension in the string is 200 N. If a pulse of direction. (b) Determine the power being
amplitude 1 cm travels in A towards the supplied to the string.
junction, then find the amplitude of
10.A 200 Hz wave with amplitude 1 mm travels
reflected and transmitted pulse.
on a long string of linear mass density 6 g/m
5. A parabolic pulse given by equation y (in cm) kept under a tension of 60 N. (a) Find the
= 0.3 – 0.1 (x – 5t)2 ( y  0) x in meter and t in average power transmitted across a given
second travelling in a uniform string. The pulse point on the string. (b) Find the total energy
passes through a boundary beyond which its associated with the wave in a 2.0m long
velocity becomes 2.5 m/s. What will be the portion of the string.
amplitude of pulse in this medium after
11. The direction
positive equationofofx-axis
a plane
is y =wave
a sin travelling
2
(vt –
transmission ?
along
When
x) this wave is reflected at a rigid
6.In the arrangement shown in figure, the string surface
has mass of 4.5 g. How much time will it take and its amplitude becomes 80%, then find the
for a transverse disturbance produced at the equation of the reflected wave
floor to reach the pulley ? Take g = 10 m/s2
12. A travelling wave of amplitude 5 A is
partially reflected from a boundary with the
amplitude 3
A. Due to superposition of two waves with
different
394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota,amplitudes in opposite directions
Ph. No. : 93141-87482, a
0744-2209671
standing wave

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 WAVES Page # 41

pattern is formed. Determine the amplitude at 19. A string vibrates in 4 loops with a frequency
node and antinodes. of 400 Hz.
13. Two waves are described by (a) What is its fundamental frequency ?
y 1 = 0.30 sin [(5x – 200)t] (b)What is frequency will cause it to vibrate into
and y2 = 0.30 sin [(5x – 200t) + /3] 7 loops.
where y1, y2 and x are in meters and t is 20.A string fixed at both ends is vibrating in the
in seconds. When these two waves are lowest mode of vibration for which a point at
combined, a traveling wave is produced. What quarter of its lengths from one end is a point of
are the (a) amplitude, (b) wave speed, and (c) maximum displacement. The frequency of
wave length of that traveling wave ? vibration in this mode is 100 Hz. What will be
the frequency emitted when it vibrates in the
14.What are (a) the lowest frequency,
next mode such that this point is again a point
(b) the second lowest frequency, and (c) the
of maximum displacement.
third lowest frequency for standing waves on
a wire that is 21.A guitar string is 90 cm long and has a
10.0 m long has a mass of 100 g. and is fundamental frequency of 124 Hz. Where
stretched under a tension of 250 N which is should it be pressed to produced a
fixed at both ends ? fundamental frequency of 186 Hz ?
15. A nylon guitar string has a linear 22.A 2.00 m long rope, having a mass of 80 g, is
density of fixed at one end and is tied to a light string at
7.20 g/m and is under a tension of 150 the other end. The tension in the string is 256
N. The fixed supports are distance D = 90.0 N.
cm apart. The string is oscillating in the (a) Find the frequencies of the fundamental and
standing wave pattern shown in figure. the first two overtones. (b) Find the
Calculate the (a) speed wavelength, and (c) wavelength in the fundamental and the first
frequency of the traveling waves whose two overtones.
superposition gives this D standing wave. 23.A stretched uniform wire of a sonometer
between two fixed knife edges, when vibrates in
its second harmonic gives 1 beat per second
with a vibrating tuning fork of frequency 200
Hz. Find the percentage change in the tension
16.A string that is stretched between fixed of the wire to be in unison with the tuning fork.
supports separated by 75.0 cm has resonant
frequencies of 420 and 315 Hz with no 24.A sonometer wires resonates with a given
intermediate resonant frquencies. What are tuning fork forming standing waves with five
(a) the lowest resonant frequencies and (b) the antinodes between the two bridges when a
wave speed ? mass of 9 kg is suspended from the wire.
When this mass is replaced by M, the wire
17. A string oscillates according to the equation resonates with the same tuning fork forming
three antinodes for the same position of
  –1  bridges. Find the value of M.
y = (0.50 cm) sin  3 cm  x cos [(40  s–1)t]
25.A 40 cm long wire having a mass 3.2 gm and
What are the (a) amplitude and (b) speed of the
area of c.s. 1 mm 2 is stretched between the
two waves (identical except for direction of
support 40.05 cm apart. In its fundamental
travel) whose superposition gives this
mode. It vibrate with a frequency 1000/64 Hz.
oscillation
Find the youngís modulus of the wire.
? (c) What is the distance between nodes ? (d)
What is the transverse speed of a particle of the 26.A steel rod having a length of 1m is fastened
string at the position x = 1.5 cm when t = 9/8 at its middle. Assuming youngís modulus to be
s? 2
18. In an experiment of standing waves, a _ 1011 Pa, and density to be 8 gm/cm3 find the
string fundamental frequency of the longitudinal
90 cm long is attached to the prong of an vibration and frequency of first overtone.
electrically driven tuning fork that oscillates
perpendicular to the length of the string at a
frequency of 60 Hz. The mass of the string is
0.044 kg. What tension must the string be
under (weights are attached to the other end)

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if it is to
oscillate in four loops ?
 Page # 42 WAVES

Exercise - IV ( TOUGH SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS )

1. The figure shows a snap photograph of a vi- of the transverse velocity of particle of string
brating string at t = 0. The particle P is versus time at x = +1m.
observed moving up with velocity 20 cm/s.
4. In a stationary wave pattern that forms as a
The angle made by string with x-axis at P is 6?.
result of reflection of waves from an obstacle
the ratio of the amplitude at an antinode and a
y node is  = 1.5. What percentage of the energy
(in10–3m)
4 P passes across the obstacle?

x 5. A string, 25 cm long, having a mass of 0.25

5.5 7.5
0 1.5 3.5
(in10 m)
–2
gm/cm, is under tension. A pipe closed at one
end is 40 cm long. When the string is set

(a)Find the direction in which the wave is mov- vibrat- ing in its first overtone, and the air in

ing the pipe in its fundamental frequency, 8

(b) the equation of the wave beats/sec are heard. It is observed that

(c)the total energy carried by the wave per decreasing the tension in the string, decreases

cycle of the string, assuming that , the mass the beat frequency. If the speed of sound in air

per unit length of the string = 50 gm/m. is 320 m/s, find the tension in the string.

2. A uniform rope of length L and mass m is 6. A metal rod of length l = 100 cm is clamped

held at one end and whirled in a horizontal at two points. Distance of each clamp from

circle with angular velocity . Ignore gravity. nearer end is a = 30cm. If density and Youngís

Find the time required for a transverse wave to modulus of elasticity of rod material are  =

travel from one end of the rope to the other. 9000 kgm–3 and Y = 144 GPa respectively,
calculate minimum and next higher frequency
3. A symmetrical triangular pulse of maximum
of natural longitudinal oscillations of the rod.
height 0.4m and total length 1 m is moving in
the positive x-direction on a string on which the
wave speed is 24 m/s. At t = 0 the pulse is
entirely located between x = 0 and x = 1 m.
Draw a graph

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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 WAVES Page # 43

Exercise - V JEE-Problems
1. A metallic rod of length 1m is rigidly clamped string is 1.6 N. Identical wave pulses are
at its mid-point. Longitudinal stationary waves produced at one end at equal intervals of time,
are set up in the rod in such a way that there t. The minimum value of  t which allows
are two nodes on either side of the mid-point. constructive interference between successive
The amplitude of an antinode is 2 ; 10–6m. pulses is
Write the equation of motion at a point 2 cm (A) 0.05 s (B) 0.10 s (C) 0.20 s (D) 0.40 s
from the mid-point and those of the (iii) A transverse sinusoidal wave of amplitude
constituent waves in the rod [Youngís modulus a, wavelength  & frequency f is travelling on a
=2 ; 10
8000 Kg
11
Nm
m–3–2]., density [JEE-94, stretched string. The maximum speed of any
v
6] point
on the string is , where v is speed of
10
2. Select the correct alternative :
[JEE-96, 20 2 =
propagation
(i) The extension in a string, 4]obeying Hookeís
law is x. The speed of wave in the stretched of the wave. If a = 10–3m and v = 10 ms –1, then
string is 
v. If the extension in the string is increased to 10 3
& f are givenHz by (D) f = 104 Hz
1.5 1.22
(A) x, thev speed of wave
(B) 0.61 v (C)will
1.50 bev (D) 0.75 (C) f
(A)  = 22 ; 10–2 m (B)  = 10–2 m
v
(ii) An open pipe is suddenly closed at one end 6. A long wire PQR is made by joining two wires
with the result that the frequency of third PQ and QR of equal radii. PQ has length 4.8 m
harmonic of the closed pipe is found to be and mass 0.06 kg.QR has length 2.56 m and
higher by 100 Hz than the fundamental mass
frequency of the open pipe. The fundamental 0.2 kg. The wire PQR is under a tension of 80N.
frequency of the open pipe is A sinusoidal wave-pulse of amplitude 3.5 cm is
(A) 200 Hz (B) 300 Hz (C) 240 Hz (D) 480 Hz sent along the wire PQ from the end P. No
3. A place progressive wave of frequency 25 Hz, power is dissipated during [JEE-99,
Calculate the propagation
4+6] of
amplitude 2.5 ; 10–5 m & initial phase zero wave-pulse.
(a)the time taken by the wave-pulse to reach
propagates along the (–ve) x-direction with a the other end R of the wire, and
velocity of 300 m/s. At any instant, the phase (b)the amplitude of the reflected and transmitted
difference between the oscillations at two points wave-pulses after the incident wave-pulse
6m apart along the line of propagation is crosses the joint Q.
7. As a wave progagates : [JEE-99,
& the corresponding amplitude
m. [JEE-97, 3]
(A)the wave intensity remains constant for a
difference
2] is plane wave
4. A wave travelling in a stretched string is
described by the equation y = A sin (kx – t). (B)the wave intensity decreases as the inverse
The maximum particle velocity is of the distance from the source for a spherical
(A) A (B) /k (C) (D) x/t wave
d/dk [JEE-97, (C)the wave intensity decreases as the inverse
1] square of the distance from the source for a
5. Select the correct alternative (s). spherical wave
[JEE-98, 2 + 2 + (D)total power of the sherical wave over the
2] spherical surface centered at the source
(i) The (x, y) co-ordinates of the corners of a remains constant at all times.
square plate are (0, 0) (L, 0) (L, L) & (0, L).
The edges of the plate are clamped & 8. y(x, t) = 0.8/ [(4x + 5t)2 + 5] represents a
transverse standing waves are set up in it. If moving pulse, where x & y are in meter and t in
u(x, y) denotes the displacement of the plate second. Then :
at the point (x, y) (E) pulse is moving in +x direction
at some instant of time, the possible (F) in 2s it will travel a distance of 2.5 m
  x
expression(s)   y u is/are :  x  = positive
y (G) its maximum displacement is 0.16 m
(A) acos    cos
  for
  (B)
 asin  
(a
 sin 
  
constant)2L 2L L L (D) it is a symmetric pulse [JEE-99,
3]
9. In a wave motion y = a sin (kx – t), y can
(C) a sin  x sin  2 y  2 x    y
represent :
 L   L  (D) a cos  L sin  L 
(A) electric field (B) magnetic field
(ii) A string of length 0.4 m & mass 10–2 kg is (C) displacement (D) pressure [JEE-99,
tightly clamped at its ends. The tension in the 3]

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 Page # 44 WAVES

10. Standing waves can be produced [JEE-99, from f1 then again a resonance is obtained when
3] the frequency is f2. If in this case the string
(A) on a string clamped at both the ends vibrates in nth harmonic then [JEE-
(B)on a string clamped at one end and free at 2005(Scr)] 3 5
the other
(A) n = 3, f2  f1 (B) n = 3, f2  f1
(C) when incident wave gets reflected from a 4 4
wall 5 3
(D)when two identical waves with a phase
difference of  are moving is same direction (C) n = 5, f2  f1 (D) n = 5, f2  f1
17.A transverse 4harmonic disturbance is 4 produced
11. Two vibrating strings of the same material
in a string. The maximum transverse velocity is
but lengths L and 2L have radii 2r and
3 m/s and maximum transverse acceleration is
r respectively. They are stretched under the
90 m/s2. If the wave velocity is 20 m/s then
same tension. Both the strings vibrate in
find the waveform. [JEE-
their fundamental modes, the one of length
2005]
L with frequency f1 and the other with
frequency f2. of
The ratio f1/f2 is given by [JEE- 18.A massless rod is suspended by two identical
12. The ends a stretched wire of length L are strings AB and CD of equal length. A block of
2000(Scr),
fixed at x = 1] (A)x2= L. In one
0 and (B) experiment,
4 (C)
8 (D) 1 mass m is suspended from point O such that BO
the
displacement of the wire is y 1 = A sin (x/L) sin is equal to ëxí. Further, it is observed that the
t and energy is E1 and in another experiment frequency of 1st harmonic (fundamental
its
displacement is y2 = A sin(2x/L) sin 2t and frequency) in AB is equal to 2nd harmonic
energy is E2. Then [JEE-2001(Scr)] frequency in CD. Then, length of BO is
(A) E2 = E1 (B) E2 = 2E1 [JEE-2006] C
(C) E2 = 4E1 (D) E2 = A
16E
13. 1 Two pulses in a stretched string whose
centres are initially 8cm apart are moving
towards each other as shown in figure. The B D
speed of each pulse is 2 cm/s. After 2 seconds,
the total energy of the pulses will be L
x
[JEE-2001(Scr)] m
L L 4L 3L
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 4

8 cm 19. A transverse sinusoidal wave moves along

(A) zero (B) purely a string in the positive x-direction at a speed of
kinetic
(C) purely potential 10 cm/s. The wavelength of the wave is 0.5 m
(D) partly kinetic and partly potential and its amplitude is 10 cm. At a particular time
14. A sonometer wire resonates with a given t, the snap-shot of the wave is shown in figure.
tuning fork forming standing waves with five The velocity of point P when its displacement is
antinodes between the two bridges when a 5 cm
is Figure : [JEE-2008]
y
mass of 9 kg is suspended from the wire.
When this mass is replaced by mass M, the P
wire resonates with the same tuning fork
forming three antinodes for the same positions x
of is
M the bridges. The value of
[JEE-2002(Scr), 3]
(A) 25 kg (B) 5 kg
(C) 12.5 kg (D) 1/25 kg
15. A stringe between x = 0 and x = l vibrates 3 ‸ 3
in fundamental mode. The amplitude A, (A) 50 j m/s (B) – 50 ‸j m/s
tension T and mass per unit length  is given.
3 3
Find theoftotal
energy the string. [JEE-2003] (C) 50 ‸i m/s (D) – 50 ‸i m/s
x=0 x=l 20. A 20 cm long string, having a mass of 1.0
g, is fixed at both the ends. The tension in the
16. A string fixed at both ends is in resonance string is 0.5 N. The string is set into vibrations
in its 2nd harmonic with a tuning fork of using an external vibrator of frequency 100 Hz.
frequency f 1 . Now its one end becomes free. Find the separation (in cm) between the
If the frequency of the tuning fork is successive nodes on the string. [JEE 2009]
increased slowly
394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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 WAVES Page # 45

Exercise-I

1. B 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. A
8. D 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. C
15. B 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. A 21. D
22. C 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. A
29. B 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. C
36. A

Exercise-II

1. A,B,C,D 2. B,C,D 3. C 4. B 5. A,B,D 6. C,D 7. A,D

8. C 9. B,C 10. C,D 11. B,D 12. B,C 13. A,D 14. C,D
15. A,B 16. A,C 17. D 18. C,D 19. B 20. A,C 21. C
22. C 23. C,D

Exercise-III

1. (a) amplitude A = 5 mm (b) wave number k = 1 cm–1


2 60
(c) wavelength  = k = 2 cm (d) frequency v = 2 = 2 Hz

(e) time period T = 1= s  u = n = 60 cm/s

(f) wave velocity
v 30

10 ‸
2. (a) im / s (b) –5.48 cm (c) 0.667 m, 5.00 Hz (d) 11.0 m/s
3
3. (a) 10  rad/s (b) /2 rad/m (c) y = (0.120m) sin (1.57x – 31.4 t) (d) 1.2  m/s (e) 118 m/s2

4. 1 2
Ar = ñ 3 cm, A t= 3cm 5. 0.2 cm 6. 0.02 s 7. 0.12 m 8. 50 Hz, 4.0 cm, 2.0
9. m/sy = (7.50 cm) sin (4.19 x – 314 t) (b) 625 W 10. (a) 0.47 W, (b) 9.4 mJ
(a)

2 
11. y = 0.8 a sin (vt  x  ) 12. 2 A, 8 A 13. (a) 0.52 m ; (b) 40 m/s ; (c) 0.40 m
 2

14. (a)
5 10 5 10
15. (a) 144 m/s ; (b) 60.0 cm ; (c) 241 Hz
2 Hz ; (b) 5 10 Hz ; (c) Hz

16. 17. (a) 0.25 cm (b) 1.2 8 102 cm/s; (c) 3.0 cm; (d) 0
2
18. 36 N 19. (a) 100 Hz (b) 700 Hz 20. 300 Hz 21. 60 cm from an end.
(a) 105 Hz ; (b) 158 m/s
22. (a) 10 hz, 30 Hz, 50 Hz
(b) 8.00 m, 1.60 m
23. 1% 24. 25 kg 25. 1 ! 109 Nm2 26. 2.5 kHz, 7.5
kHz

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Exercise-IV
 1  
1. (a) negative x; (b) y = 4 8 10–3 sin 100  3t  0.5x  400  (x, y in meter) ; (c) 144  8 10–5 J 2.
2

vp
19.2 m/s

3. 1/48 sec1/24 sec t 4. 96% 5. 67.6 N 6. 10 kHz, 30 kHz

–19.2m/s

Exercise-V

1. y = 2 8 10–6sin(0.1)cos (25000 t + ), for  = 0 : y = 10–6 sin(5x – 25000t), y = 10–6sin(5x + 25000t)

1
2. (i) A, (ii) A 3.  rad, 0 m 4. 2

A
5. (i) B,C, (ii) B, (iii) A,C
V2  V1 2V 2
6. (a) Time = 140 ms, (b) A r  A i  1.5 cm ; A  V  V A i  2 cm
V2  V1 t 1 2

7. A,C,D 8. B,C,D 9. A,B,C 10. A,B,C 11. D 12. C 13. B

A 2 2 T 3
14.
A 15. E  4 l
16. C 17. y = (10 cm) sin (30 t ± x + )
2
18. A 19. A 20. 5

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