PDT203 Noise & Vibration

Semester II 2020/2021

COURSE INTRODUCTION
Dr Masniezam Ahmad
019-5732725
[email protected]

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 COURSE SYNOPSIS

◦ The objective of the course is to introduce the students with the skills and
knowledge in vibrations disciplines.

◦ The syllabus covers the fundamental of vibration and oscillation motion, free
vibration, force vibration, transient vibration, two degree of freedom systems
and multiple degree of freedom systems.

◦ The students will be well prepared towards industrial application elements such
as vibration control, vibration measurement and signal analysis methods.

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 COURSE OUTCOMES

◦ CO1: Ability to ANALYSE free and force vibration for single and two degree
of freedom.

◦ CO2: Ability to EVALUATE the response of various systems (multi degrees of

freedom) and noise measurement.

◦ CO3: Ability to OPERATE the apparatus and equipment in the laboratory.

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 COURSE ASSESMENTS

◦ Final Exam: 0%

◦ Continual Assessment: 100%

⮚ Assignments : 40%
⮚ Laboratory reports : 40%
⮚ Quizzes : 20%

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 CLASS SCHEDULE

◦ LECTURE
❖ Every Thursday
❖ 2.00pm – 4.00pm
❖ Google Meet link: https://meet.google.com/lookup/clu2c4fafp
❖ Google Classroom ID:
https://classroom.google.com/c/MzEyODYyMTk1Mjcx?cjc=zamnnqf

◦ LABORATORY OR TUTORIAL
❖ FTKM LAB A15 (Pauh Putra Campus)
❖ Wednesday
❖ 8.00am – 11.00am
❖ *Tutorial session will be conducted via online learning.*

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 TEACHING PLAN

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 TEACHING PLAN

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 REFERENCES
1. Sinegiresu S. Rao (2018). Mechanical Vibration. Sixth Edition, Pearson.

2. William Thomson (2018). Theory of Vibration with Applications, CRC

Press.

3. Frank Fahy and David Thompson (2015) Fundamentals of Sound and

Vibration Second Edition, CRC Press.

4. A.G Ambekar (2006). Mechanical Vibrations and Noise Engineering,

Prentice Hall.

5. W.J. Palm III (2005). Mechanical Vibration, John Wiley & Sons.

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 PDT203 Noise & Vibration
Semester II 2020/2021

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO VIBRATION
Dr Masniezam Ahmad
019-5732725
[email protected]

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Ltd.
 CHAPTER OUTLINES

1.1 What is Vibration?

1.2 Basic Concepts of Vibration.

1.3 Classification of Vibration.

1.4 Definition and Terminology.

1.5 Harmonic Motion

1.6 Vibration Analysis Procedure.

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 1.1 WHAT IS VIBRATION?
VIBRATION = Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time.

Example:
✔The swinging of a pendulum.
✔The motion of a plucked string.

Why study vibration?

✔Vibrations can lead to excessive deflections and failure on the machines and
structures.
✔To reduce vibration through proper design of machines and their mountings.
✔To utilize profitably in several consumer and industrial applications.
✔To improve the efficiency of certain machining, casting, forging & welding
processes.
✔To simulate earthquakes for geological research and conduct studies in design
of nuclear reactors.

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 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION
VIBRATORY SYSTEM consists of:

DAMPER
MASS SPRING
⮚ A means by which the
⮚ A means for storing ⮚ A means for storing
energy is gradually
kinetic energy. potential energy.
lost.

Vibratory system involves transfer of potential energy to kinetic energy and vice
versa. 13
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 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION
Degree of Freedom (d.o.f.)

Minimum number of independent coordinates required to

determine completely the positions of all parts of a system at any
instant of time.

No. of masses in the system

No. of degrees
= x
of freedom of the
no. of possible types of
system motion of each mass

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 1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION
Examples of SINGLE degree-of-
freedom systems:

Examples of TWO degree-of-freedom Examples of THREE degree-of-

systems: freedom systems:

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 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

• A system is left to vibrate on its own after an

initial disturbance and no external force acts
Free Vibration on the system.
• Example: Simple pendulum.

• A system that is subjected to a repeating

external force.
• Example: Oscillation arises from diesel
Forced Vibration
engines
⮚Resonance occurs when the frequency of the
external force coincides with one of the
natural frequencies of the system

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 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

When no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or

Undamped Vibration other resistance during oscillations.

When any energy is lost or dissipated in friction

Damped Vibration or other resistance during oscillations.

When all basic components of a vibratory system,

Linear Vibration i.e. the spring, the mass and the damper behave
linearly.

Nonlinear Vibration If any of the components behave nonlinearly.

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 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force

Deterministic or motion) acting on a vibratory system is known
Vibration at any given time.

Nondeterministic or When the value of the excitation at a given time

random Vibration: cannot be predicted.

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 1.4 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY

http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/phasor-addition.html

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 1.4 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
The movement of vibrating body from its equilibrium
position to its extreme position in one direction back
Cycle
to its equilibrium position and then to its extreme
position in other direction and back to its equilibrium
position.
The maximum displacement of a vibrating body
Amplitude from its equilibrium position. The unit is mm.

Period, (T or τ)

Time taken to complete one

cycle of motion.
Unit is sec, s.

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 1.4 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
Frequency, f Natural frequency (fn or ωn)

The number of cycle in 1 second, Frequency with which the physical system
Hz. It is also a reciprocal of oscillate after initial disturbance without
period. external force applied, ωn and the unit is
rad/sec.

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 1.4 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY

Phase Angle, φ Angle between two oscillation, rad.

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 1.5 HARMONIC MOTION
Periodic motion Motion repeated after equal intervals of time.

Harmonic motion Simplest type of periodic motion

http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/phasor-addition.html

Displacement

Velocity

Acceleration
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 TUTORIAL 1
A simple harmonic motion has amplitude of 0.003 m and a period of 0.20 seconds.
Determine:
(a) Maximum velocity.
(b) Maximum acceleration.

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 TUTORIAL 2
A harmonic motion has a frequency of 15 cps and its maximum velocity is 5 m/s.
Determine:
(a) Amplitude
(b) Period
(c) Maximum acceleration

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 1.6 VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Step 1: Mathematical Modeling

Step 2: Derivation of Governing Equations

Step 3: Solution of the Governing Equations

Step 4: Interpretation of the Results

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 1.6 VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Mathematical Modeling
⮚ Transform the physical system to model using gradual refinement method.
⮚ Represent all important vibration components of the system for the purpose of
deriving the mathematical equations governing the behavior of the system.

STEP 2: Derivation of Governing Equations

⮚ Using the principles of dynamics and free body diagram, derive the equations that
describe the vibration of the system.
⮚ Equations are in the form of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) for the discrete
system and Partial Differential Equation (PDE) for a continuous systems.
⮚ Methods:
❖ Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion.
❖ D’Alembert’s Principle.
❖ Energy method.
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 1.6 VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
STEP 3: Solution of the Governing Equations
⮚ To determine the response of the vibrating system in terms of vibration amplitude, frequency,
phase angle, speed, acceleration etc.
⮚ Methods used:
❖ Standard methods of solving differential equations.
❖ Laplace transform.
❖ Matrices.
❖ Numerical method.

STEP 4: Interpretation of the Results

⮚ The solution provides the data required for vibration interpretation.
❖ Displacement.
❖ Velocity.
❖ Acceleration and etc.
⮚ If analysis is done during the design stage, the vibration analysis result may cause some
design change.
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 1.6 VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Example of the modeling of a forging hammer (Mathematical modeling):

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 TUTORIAL 3
Figure below shows a motorcycle with a rider. Develop a sequence of three
mathematical models of the system for investigating vibration in the vertical
direction. Consider:
(i) Elasticity of the tires,
(ii) Elasticity and damping of the struts (in the vertical direction),
(iii) Masses of the wheels and vehicle body,
(iv) Elasticity, damping, and mass of the rider.

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 END OF
CHAPTER 1
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