Elementary Number Theory

 
 Classifications within the set of real
numbers
• Real numbers can be classified under
different sets of numbers.

• the whole numbers contain the

natural numbers.  In fact, the set of
whole numbers consists of all the
natural numbers together with one
new number, zero.  
The set of irrational numbers is the set of
numbers that have infinite nonrepeating
decimal representations.

Thus, the rationals and the irrationals are

disjoint sets.  These two sets together
make up the real numbers, that is, when
we put the irrational numbers together
with the rational numbers, we finally
have the complete set of real numbers.
• The following Venn diagram illustrates the
relationships of the sets that make up the real
numbers.
 Real
Numbers

Natural Whole Integers Rational Irrational

Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers
  

Number Representation

 
symbols such as alphabets to represent the set
of real numbers.
Name of sets of numbers Symbols denoting the sets of numbers
Natural numbers
Whole numbers
Integers
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
Real Numbers
symbols such as alphabets to represent the set
of real numbers.
Name of sets of numbers Symbols denoting the sets of numbers
Natural numbers N
Whole numbers W
Integers Z
Rational Numbers Q
Irrational Numbers Q'
Real Numbers R
Real numbers can also be represented on number
lines. Writing numbers down on a number line
makes it easy to tell which numbers are bigger or
smaller.
• The Number Line

Negative Numbers (-) Positive Numbers (+)

(The line continues left and right forever.)
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

11
 THE NUMBER LINE

INTEGERS

NEGATIVE INTEGERS POSITIVE INTEGERS

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1

0 1 2
NATURAL NUMBERS

WHOLE NUMBERS
NATURAL NUMBERS: 1, 2, 3, 4, …

WHOLE NUMBERS: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …

POSITIVE INTEGERS: 1, 2, 3, 4, …
NEGATIVE INTEGERS: -1, -2, -3, -4, …
INTEGERS: …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …

12
 RATIONAL NUMBERS:

m where:
n m and n are
integers.
The following numbers can be expressed as fractions and therefore they
are Rational numbers:
1 7=
7
25 = 5 =
5 -8 = -8
0.25 = 1 1
4 1
3
0.75 = 10 = 10 20 0=
0
4 1 400 = 20 = 1
1

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

3.1416
None can be expressed as a fraction!
2 1.4142

7 2.6457 13
 Standards 6, 25

REAL NUMBERS

Q
Z
W
I
N

R= reals Z= integers
I= irrationals W= Wholes
Q= rationals N= naturals

14
 Standards 6, 25
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any real numbers a, b, and c:

COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY / SIFAT KALIS TUKAR TERTIB

5+7 =7+5
•Addition: a+b=b+a 1+6 =6+1
3.6 + 1.1 = 1.1 + 3.6

9 6 =6 9
•Multiplication: a b=b a 4 20 = 20 4
6.4 5.2 = 5.2 6.4

15
 Standards 6, 25
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any real numbers a, b, and c:

ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY / SIFAT KALIS

SEKUTUAN
(3 + 4) +1 = 3 + (4 + 1)
•Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (2 + 5) + 7 = 2 + (5 + 7)
(6.2 + 4.1) +3.3 = 6.2 + (4.1 + 3.3)

15 7 3 15 7 3
=
4 2 5 4 2 5
•Multiplication: a b c= a b c
34 45 6 = 35 45 6

5.7 7.2 2.3 = 5.7 7.2 2.3

16
 Standards 6, 25
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any real numbers a, b, and c:

IDENTITY PROPERTY: HUKUM IDENTITI

5+0 =0+5 =5
•Addition: a + 0 = 0 + a=a 1+0 =0+1 =1
3.6 + 0 = 0 + 3.6 = 3.6

9 1 =1 9 =9
•Multiplication: a 1=1 a=a 4 1 =1 4 =4
6.4 1 = 1 6.4 = 6.4

17
 Standards 6, 25
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any real numbers a, b, and c:

INVERSE PROPERTY / HUKUM SONGSANG

5 + (-5) = (-5) + 5 = 0
•Addition: a + (-a) = (-a) + a=0 3 + (-3) = (-3) + 3 = 0
3.6 + (-3.6) = (-3.6)+ 3.6 = 0

1 1
2 = 2 =1
2 2
If a = 0 then
•Multiplication: 1 1
1 5 = 5=1
a 1= a=1 5 5
a a 5 3 3 5
= =1
3 5 5 3

18
 Standards 6, 25
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any real numbers a, b, and c:

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY / HUKUM TABURAN

•Distributive: a(b+c) = ab + ac and (b+c)a = ba + ca

3(5+1) = 3(5) + 3(1) and (5+1)3 = 5(3) + 1(3)

4(2+6) = 4(2) + 4(6) and (2+6)4 = 2(4) + 6(4)

19
 Standards 6, 25

Name the property shown at each equation:

a) 1 45 = 45 Identity property (X)

b) 56 + 34 = 34 + 56 Commutative property (+)

c) (-3) + 3 = 0 Inverse property (+)

d) 5(9 +2) = 45 + 10 Distributive property

e) (2 + 1) +b= 2 + (1 + b) Associative property (+)

f) -34(23) = 23(-34) Commutative property (X)

20
• Integers greater than 0 are positive
integers.
• Integers less than 0 are negative integers.
• Zero is neither positive nor negative.
• Positive integers are usually written
without the + sign, so +5 and 5 are the
same.
After the 1990 census, Texas
gained 3 seats in the United States
House of Representatives.
Michigan lost 2 seats. You can use
the integers +3 and -2 to describe
these situations, respectively.
Two numbers are opposites of
one another if they are
represented by points that are
the same distance from 0, but on
opposite sides of 0.
Definition of Prime and Composite
Numbers
A natural number that has exactly
two distinct factors is called a prime
number.

A natural number that has more than

two distinct factors is called a
composite number.
the number 5 is a prime number
because it has exactly two factors, 1
and 5. the number 6 is a composite
number because it has more than two
factors, 1, 2, 3 and 6.

The number 1 has only one distinct

factor, so it is neither prime nor
composite.
The role of Prime Numbers in Mathematics

Prime numbers are building blocks for

composite numbers.

30 30 30

5 6 10 3 15 2

5 2 3 5 2 3 5 3 2
 Unique Factorisation Theorem

Each composite number can be expressed as a

product of prime numbers in exactly one way,
disregarding the order of the factors.
 Primes and Multiples
2-1 Divisibility Tests / Ujian Kebolehbahagi
2-2 Multiples
2-3 Divisors, Factors, and Greatest Common
Factor (GCF)
2-4 Primes and Composites
2-5 Prime Factorization
2-6 Least Common Multiple (LCM )
***************
 2-1 Test for Divisibility of a Natural Number by 2, 3,
or 5
Is 390 divisible by 2, 3, or 5 ?
Number Criteria Answer

The one's place digit is 0 which is even 390 is divisible by 2

390 sum of digits: 3 + 9 + 0 = 12/3 =4 390 is divisible by 3
The one's place digit is 0 or 5 390 is divisible by 5

1) Divisibility by 2: If the one’s place digit is

even ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ), then the number is divisible by 2.
2) Divisibility by 3: If the sum of the digits is
divisible by 3, then the number is divisible by 3.
3) Divisibility by 5: If the one’s place digit is 0 or
5, then the number is divisible by 5.
 2-1 Test for Divisibility of a Natural Number by 6, 9,
or 10
Is 390 divisible by 6, 9, or 10 ?
Number Criteria Answer
The one's place digit is 0 which is even 390 is divisible by 2
and the sum of digits: 3 + 9 + 0 = 12/3 and 3 and 6
390
sum of digits: 3 + 9 + 0 = 12/9 390 is not divisible by 9
The one's place digit is 0 390 is divisible by 10

1) Divisibility by 6: If the number is divisible by

2 and 3, then the number is divisible by 6.
2) Divisibility by 9: If the sum of the digits is
divisible by 9, then the number is divisible by 9.
3) Divisibility by 10: If the one’s place digit is 0,
then the number is divisible by 10.
Use a calculator to divide the natural
number by the specified number:

 If the number is divisible with no

remainder (no decimal), then the
natural number is divisible by the
specified number.
 2-2 List the Multiples of a whole number
Finding specific multiples of 9
Problem Strategy Answer
5 x9 = 45
List the 5th, 23rd,
23 x 9 = 207
28th, and 452 nd
28 x 9 = 252
multiples of 9
452 x 9 = 4,068
Multiply the natural number by the
given specified values.
 2-2 Determine whether one whole number
is a multiple of another whole number
Finding whether a specific number is a multiple of another number
Problem Strategy Answer

Is 711 divisible by 9? 711 / 9 = 79 Yes

Is 4132 a multiple of 6? 4132 / 6 = 688.666 No
Is 481 a multiple of 13? 481 / 13 = 37 Yes
Is 10 a multiple of 70? 10 / 70 = 0.1428 No

 If the number is divisible with no remainder (no decimal),

then the natural number is divisible by the specified
number.
 2-3 Factors

LIST ALL THE FACTORS OF 150

Problem Strategy
1 x 150
2 x 75
3 x 50
150
5 x 30
6 x 25
10 x 15
Answer = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, 150

 List all the factors (divisors) of a counting number:

1) List all the pairs of factors of the number.

2) Read down the left column and up the right column.

 2-5 Prime Factorization of a counting number
FIND THE PRIME FACTORIZATION OF 60
Strategy Prime Number Divisors Quotient
2 60
2 30
Divide by prime numbers until the
3 15
quotient is 1
5 5
1
2
Answer = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 2 x 3 x 5

1) The prime factorization is the product of the prime divisors.

 2-5 Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Find the GCF of 66 and 88
Prime Prime
Number Number
Strategy Divisors Quotient Divisors Quotient

Write the numbers in prime 2 66 2 88

factorization form and identify 3 33 2 44
the common prime factors. 11 11 2 22
Multiply the common prime 1 11 11
factors. 1
Answer = 2 x 11 = 22
 2-5 Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
FIND THE GCF of 80, 100 and 280
Prime Prime Prime
Number Number Number
Divisors Quotient Divisors Quotient Divisors Quotient
2 80 2 100 2 280
2 40 2 50 2 140
2 20 5 25 2 70
2 10 5 5 5 35
5 5 1 7 7
1 1
2
Answer = 2 x 5 = 20
1) Write each number in prime factorization form and identify the common prime factors.

2) Find the product of the common prime factors.

 2-6 Least Common Multiple (LCM)
FIND THE LCM of 10, 15, and 18
Prime Prime Prime
Number Number Number
Strategy Divisors Quotient Divisors Quotient Divisors Quotient

Write the numbers in prime 2 10 3 15 2 18

factorization form using 5 5 5 5 3 9
exponents. Multiply the highest 1 1 3 3
power of each prime factor. 1
2
2 x5 3 x5 2 x3
2
Answer = 2 x 3 x 5 = 90

 Finding the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more

whole numbers using the Individual Prime-Factoring Method:
 HOMEWORK
Q: What is the rule to test whether the number
is divisible by
(a) 4
(b) 7
(c) 8
 Prime Numbers
Eratosthenes’ Sieve
Eratosthenes
(ehr-uh-TAHS-thuh-neez)

Eratosthenes was the librarian at

Alexandria, Egypt in 200 B.C.
Note every book was a scroll.
 Eratosthenes
(ehr-uh-TAHS-thuh-neez)

Eratosthenes was a Greek

mathematician, astronomer, and
geographer.
He invented a method for finding
prime numbers that is still used today.
This method is called Eratosthenes’
Sieve.
Eratosthenes’ Sieve

 A sieve has holes in it and is used to

filter out the juice.
 Eratosthenes’s sieve filters out numbers
to find the prime numbers.
Definition

 Factor – a number that is

multiplied by another to give a
product.
7 x 8 = 56
Factors
Definition

 Factor – a number that

divides evenly into another.
56 ÷ 8 = 7
Factor
 Definition
 Prime Number – a number that
has only two factors, itself and 1.
7
7 is prime because the only numbers
that will divide into it evenly are 1 and 7.
Hundreds Chart
On graph paper, make a chart of
the numbers from 1 to 100, with 10
numbers in each row.
 Hundreds Chart
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
1 – Cross out 1; it is not prime.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Hint For Next Step

 Remember all numbers

divisible by 2 are even numbers.
2 – Leave 2; cross out multiples of 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Hint For Next Step
To find multiples of 3, add the
digits of a number; see if you can
divide this number evenly by 3;
then the number is a multiple of 3.
267
Total of digits = 15
3 divides evenly into 15
267 is a multiple of 3
3– Leave 3; cross out multiples of 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
 Hint For the Next Step
To find the multiples of 5 look
for numbers that end with the
digit 0 and 5.
385 is a multiple of 5
& 890 is a multiple of 5
because the last digit
ends with 0 or 5.
4– Leave 5; cross out multiples of 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
5– Leave 7; cross out multiples of 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
6–Leave 11; cross out multiples of 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
All the numbers left are prime
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
 The Prime Numbers from 1 to 100 are
as follows:

2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,
23,29,31,37,41,43,47,
53,59,61,67,71,73,
79,83,89,97 25