Government College of Engineering, Amravati
(An autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Seminar on
Autonomous Car
Guided by Course Code: ETU709 Presenter
XXX Course Title: SEMINAR XXX
AUTONOMOUS
CAR
Presenter: Sarita Bijawe
ID: 17004027
Contents
1. Introduction
2.Level of Autonomy
3.Control Mechanism
4.Features
5.Advantages
6.Disadvantages
6.Companies investing in AVs
7.Models
8.Challenges
9.Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Able to operate itself and perform necessary functions without any
human intervention, through ability to sense its surroundings.
Utilises a fully automated driving allow to respond to external
conditions
It combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings
Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify
appropriate navigation paths, obstacles and relevant signals
Possible implementations of the technology include personal self-
driving vehicles, shared robo-taxis, connected vehicle platoons and
long-distance trucking
Further distinguished as being “connected” or not, indicating whether
they can communicate with other vehicles and/or infrastructure, such
as next generation traffic lights
Levels of Automation
CONTROL MECHANISM
Logic Processing Mechanical
Sensors Unit Control System
RADAR Anti-lock brakes
LIDAR
V2X Communication (ABS)
Ultrasonic Sensor
Artificial Intelligence Electronic stability
Wheel Speed Sensor control (ESC)
Camera Cruise Control
GPS module
1. SENSORS
Measures distance by
illuminating target with
pulsed laser light and Uses high-frequency sound Provide real-time obstacle
measuring reflected waves calculate distance. detection to facilitate lane
pulses with sensors to Best in close range for departure and track roadway
create 3-D map of area parking assistance information (like road signs)
WHEEL
LIDAR RADAR ULTRASONIC GPS CAMERA SPEED
SENSOR
SENSOR
Employs wave frequencies Send real time geographical Obtain information on current
for long-range object and data received from overall speed compared
obstacle detection as well several GPS satellites to with speed from GPS device
as for tracking the velocity calculate longitude, latitude, and movement sensors.
and direction of various speed and course to help
actors such as pedestrians, navigate a car
other vehicles
An Oyster OSO Ultra wide view LIDAR sensor
Navtech Radar CIR sensor Smart Micro Automotive Wheel Speed
integrated with an autonomous car
Radar sensor Sensor
The cameras on a pilot model of an Ultrasonic sensors for Autonomous
Uber self-driving car Vehicles designed by Bosch
Sensor Integration
2.Logic Processing Unit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The need for intelligent processing of the real time data obtained from
sensors is fulfilled using AI technology
Intelligent Agent in Autonomous driving platform performs sensor data Feature Extraction
processing, path planning, path execution, vehicle condition Monitoring, Image & Pattern
Insurance data collection, etc
02 Option
Recognition
algorithm
Route Planning and
Mainly focus on the perception of environment and automated responses to Control Algorithms
that environment
04
Dynamics
Option
Modelling
AI uses neural networks to train AVs to recognize individual elements of the Object Detection
transportation system Algorithms
Mapping
Localisation
Sensor Fusion possible for the vehicle to combine many points of sensor data
—such as shape, speed, and distance
Leading the way for the launch of Level 5 autonomous vehicles, where there
will be no need for a steering wheel, accelerator or brakes. AI Algorithms
AI Perception Action Cycle in Autonomous Cars
V2X COMMUNICATION
Vehicle-to-Everything also known as V2X, refers to the passing of
information from a vehicle to any entity that may affect the vehicle,
and vice versa
V2X is comprised of V2V, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-
pedestrian (V2P) and vehicle-to-Network (V2N) communications,
Comprises a wireless network where automobiles send messages to
each other with information about what they’re doing
Data would include speed, location, direction of travel, braking, and
loss of stability
There exist two major V2X technologies:
LTE-V2X and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)
LTE-V2X is a vehicular wireless communication technology based on
the 4G cellular service
DSRC, also known as Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment
(WAVE) is used in AVs
3. Mechanical Control System
ANTI-LOCK BREAKES SYSTEM
A safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to
continue interacting with the road surface as directed by driver
steering inputs while braking
Prevents the wheels from locking up (that is, ceasing rotation) and
therefore avoiding skidding
Uses sensors at each wheel to determine if and how quickly each
wheel is turning
When the driver presses the brake pedal in an ABS-equipped car,
the computer reads specialized sensors at each wheel and
determines whether the wheel is turning or locked.
The sensors also report the speed each wheel is turning.
If the computer senses a lock-up, it can pulse the brakes, helping
the driver maintain control.
Electronics Stability Control
Computerized technology that improves safety through a vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids
Helps prevent a driver from losing control of vehicle when braking sharply
Braking is automatically applied to individual wheel, such as the outer front wheel to counter oversteer or the
inner rear wheel to counter understeer
Reduce engine power until control is regained
Adaptive Cruiser control
A system designed to help vehicles maintain a safe following distance and stay within the speed limit by auto
adjusting the speed
Main types of ACC :
RADAR based ACC, laser based ACC, binocular computer vision based ACC
Functions by sensory technology installed within vehicles which creates an idea of how close one car is to
another, or other objects on the roadway
Distance is measured by a small radar unit behind the front grille or under the bumper.
Some units use an optical system based on stereoscopic cameras.
The driver gets to set the maximum speed just as with cruise control ,radar sensor look for traffic ahead,
locks the car in a lane and instructs the car to stay 2,3 or 4 seconds behind the car ahead of it
Helps to prevent accidents that result from an obstructed view or close following distance
ADVANTAGES
1 Reduced number of accidents
2 Stress free parking
3 Reduced congestion
4 Reduced pollution and emissions
5 Greater mobility options: For elderly, young and disabled users
6 Time-saving
DISADVANTAGES
1 Loss of driving related jobs
2 Sensor Failure
3 Safety and security concerns
4 Expensive software.
5 Hackers can change the rout.
Companies Investing in Autonomous Vehicles
Some models of Autonomous Cars
A Tesla Model 3, which is fitted with a partial self-driving system, on An Uber self-driving car drives through traffic on Fifth
display at the Brussels Expo in Brussels, Belgium, on January 9, 2020 Street in San Francisco on March 28, 2017
Google Lexus SUV Mercedes Benz F015
Creating and maintaining
maps for self-driving cars
is difficult work
Driving requires many complex
S
social interactions which are
NG E
still tough for robots
LE
Bad weather makes
everything trickier
CH AL
We may have to design
regulations before we
know how safe self-
driving cars really are
Cybersecurity will likely
be an issue though a
surmountable one
CONCLUSION
• It seems to be a lot of potential for autonomous vehicles be it transport or research but the key lies in
the safe implementation of this technology
• This technology will be very handy in solving many traffic related problems such as parking and traffic
congestion, accidents by considerably reducing the travel stress. For military purpose autonomous
vehicles can be a boon.
• Sensors that are an integral part of an autonomous vehicle will become more sophisticated and will
potentially have more functionality addition in the near future.
• Keeping the high cost of sensors and equipment’s used in autonomous vehicles more research should
be done to introduce new technologies by which this cost can be brought down. This can also be a big
challenge.
• The problem is winning the trust of the people to allow a computer to drive a vehicle for them, because
of this, there must be research and testing done over and over again to assure a near fool proof final
product
• It is fascinating to see the effects this creation will have on the states in which it is legalized as well as
on the people that have chosen to experiment with it
References
1. ”Autonomous Cars:Research Results, Issues and Future Challenges”, Rasheed Hussain and
Sherali Zeadally,IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, VOL. XX, NO. XX, 201X 2
2. ”Autonomous cars: Past, present and future a review of the developments in the last
century, the present scenario and the expected future of autonomous vehicle
technology”,K. Bimbraw, 2015 12th International Conference on Informatics in Control,
Automation and Robotics (ICINCO), Colmar, 2015, pp. 191-198. 3
3. ”The key technology toward the self-driving car”, Zhao, J., Liang, B. and Chen, Q. (2018),
International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 2-20 4
4. “Lidar that will make self-driving cars affordable”,Ackerman, E. (2016b), IEEE Spectrum,
Vol. 53, p. 14
THANK YOU !
