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Chapter 3 - DC Chopper (Part A)

Rin = Vs/Iin(avg) = Vs/(α*Io(avg)) = Vs/(α*Vs/R) = R/α So the effective input resistance is inversely proportional to the duty cycle α.

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204 views20 pages

Chapter 3 - DC Chopper (Part A)

Rin = Vs/Iin(avg) = Vs/(α*Io(avg)) = Vs/(α*Vs/R) = R/α So the effective input resistance is inversely proportional to the duty cycle α.

Uploaded by

anderson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE3273

POWER ELECTRONICS
Chapter 3- Part (a)
DC- DC converter
Table of Contents
• Principle of step-up and step-down operation.
• Switching mode regulators.
• Buck converter.
• Boost converter.
• Buck-Boost Converter
• Isolated DC-DC Flyback Converter
Introduction
• Chopper is a static device.
• A variable dc voltage is obtained from a
constant dc voltage source.
• Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
• Widely used for motor control.
• Also used in regenerative braking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency,
faster response, lower maintenance, smaller
size and smooth control.
3
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
• Many industrial applications requires power
from dc voltage sources.
• Examples of these applications are
Subway cars, trolley busses, battery operated
vehicles and battery charging etc.
The conversion of fixed dc voltage to variable dc
voltage through the use of semiconductor
devices can be carried out by the use of two type
of dc to dc converters.
AC link chopper
• AC link chopper: In the ac link chopper, dc is first
converted to ac by an inverter. AC is then stepped-up
or stepped down by a transformer which is then
converted back to dc by diode rectifier.
• AC link chopper is costly, bulky and less efficient.
DC chopper
• DC chopper is a static device that converts fixed dc to
a variable dc output voltage. Choppers involve one
stage conversion.
• Choppers used everywhere for rapid transit systems.
• Chopper system offer smooth control, high
efficiency, fast response and regeneration.
Principle of Chopper Operation (Step
down)
• A chopper is a high speed on/off
semiconductor switch. It connect the sources
to load and disconnects the load from source at
a fast speed.
Principle of Chopper Operation (Step
down)
• During the period Ton, the load voltage is equal to
source voltage Vs. During the interval Toff chopper is
Off, load current flows through the freewheeling
diode FD. As a result the load terminals short
circuited by FD and the load voltage is zero.
Control strategies of DC chopper

• The average value of voltage V0 can be controlled


through α by opening and closing the semiconductor
switch periodically. The various control strategies for
varying duty cycle α are as follows.
• Constant frequency systems
• Variable frequency systems
Control strategies of DC chopper

• Constant frequency systems:


In this scheme on time Ton is varied but chopping
frequency f is kept constant. Variation of Ton means
adjustment of pulse width, as such this scheme is called
pulse width-modulation scheme. This scheme also
called as time-ratio control.
Control strategies of DC chopper

• Variable frequency systems:


In this scheme the chopping frequency f is varied and
either (i) the on-time kept constant or (ii) off-time Toff
is kept constant. This method of controlling α is called
frequency-modulation scheme.
.
Control strategies of DC chopper

• ON-time kept constant:


In this scheme the Ton is kept constant but T is varied.
Control strategies of DC chopper

• OFF-time kept constant:


In this scheme the Toff is kept constant but T is varied.
Control strategies of DC chopper

• Frequency modulation scheme has some disadvantages


compared to pulse width modulation scheme.
1) The chopping frequency has to be varied over a wide range
for the control output voltage in frequency modulation.
Design of filter is quite difficult.
2) For the control of α, frequency variation would be wide.
3) The large off-time in frequency modulation scheme may
make the load current discontinuous which is undesirable.
PWM scheme is better than variable frequency scheme. PWM
scheme has however, a limitation. TON cannot be reduced to near
zero for most of the commutation circuits used in choppers. Low
range of α control is not possible in PWM.
Step-up chopper

• In this chopper the output voltage Vo is higher than the input


voltage.
• Large inductor L in series with source voltage is Vs is essential.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor stores energy.
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current cannot die down
instantaneously, this current is forced to flow through the diode
and load for a time Toff.

Step up chopper L stores energy Ldi/dt added to Vs


Step-up chopper

• As a current tends to decrease,


polarity of the emf induced in L is
reversed. As a result the voltage
across the load given by exceed the
source voltage Vs.
Step-up chopper

• During the Ton period, the energy input to inductor from


source is

• During the Toff period, the energy released by inductor to the


load is
Example 1

For the basic dc to dc converter, express the following variable as functions of


Vs. R and duty cycle α in case load is resistive.
a) Average output voltage and current
b) Output current at the instant of commutation
c) Average and rms freewheeling diode current
d) RMS value of the output voltage
e) RMS and average thyristor current
f) Effective input resistance of the chopper.
Example 1

a) Average output voltage and current

b) Output current at the instant of commutation

c) Average and rms freewheeling diode current


Example 1

d) RMS value of the output voltage

e) RMS and average thyristor current

f) Effective input resistance of the chopper.

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