ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Power System Transmission and

Security

LECTURE 1
Dr Nuraddeen Magaji
 Syllabus
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• Line Model and Performance: Line Model, Surge Impedance

Loading, Complex Power Flow, Transmission Capability and Line
Compensation, Nature of Transmission System, Basic Design
Principles, Factors Affecting Lines Design, Mechanical Loading, Sag
and Tension Analysis. Economic Operation of Power System:
Economic Dispatch Problem: Neglecting Losses, Including Losses,
with and without Generator Limits; Transmission Loss as a Function
of Plant Generation, Distribution of Load Between Plant.
Distribution Protection: IDMT Relay, Fault Philosophy, Critical Path
Method
• Power systems security, N-1 security, transmission line and voltage
security, sensitivity factor, contingency analysis, congestion
management.
 Introduction
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Power system security is the ability of the system to

withstand one or more disturbances (contingencies)
due to the high number of possible outages in a
moderate power system. Security depends on the
system operating condition as well as the contingent
probability of disturbances.”
• - Normal state is secure
• - All other states are insecure
• state is expressed by N – 1 criterion:
- Outage of a single component can not lead to
violation of operation limits of any other
component
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Introduction
 Power Flow Calculation
in Contingency Analysis
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Contingency Analysis

N – 1 Security

Current State + Contingency

New State Risk of cascading events

• Power Flow Calculation
• Static Security Analysis (SSA)
• Contingency Analysis (1)
• Current State = Initial Solution Computational speed is an issue
Approximative Methods for Fast Screening
 REVIEW OF NETWORK PARAMETERS
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Vs : Sending-end voltage ; Is : Sending-end current

Vr : Receiving-end voltage ;Ir : Receiving-end current
IS IR

• VS AB VR
CD

Fig. 1.1 Two port in TRX line

VS  AVR  BI R
I S  CVR  DI R
• VS and VR positive-sequence line-to-neutral voltages
• and IS and IR are positive-sequence line currents
• ABCD parameters depend on transmission-line parameters R, L, C
and G.
 ABCD parameters
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• Z = Series impedance per unit length per phase =R + jwL [W/m]

• Y = Shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral = G + jwC
[S/m]
• G is usually ignored
• l = Length of line [m]
• Lines are assumed to be completely transposed
• Z = zl = Total series impedance per phase [W]
• Y = yl = Total shunt admittance per phase to neutral [S]
 Short line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Z=R+jX
jX
IR IS
R

VS VR

Fig 1.2 short line

VS  VR  ZI R
IS  IR
• Therefore the ABCD parameters are given by
Vs  1 Z  VR 
   I 
I
 s  0 1  R
A  D  1, B  Z  and C  0
 Medium line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Again
Z=R+jX
jX
IR IS
R

VS Y/2 Y/2 VR

Fig 1.3 no m inal π circuit

I s  I1  I 2  I1  I3  I R
Y Y
 Vs  VR  I R
2 2
 Y 
Vs  ZI 2  VR  Z  VR  I R   VR
 2 
 YZ 
  1 VR  ZI R
 2 
 Medium line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Y  YZ   Y
I s    1VR  ZI R   VR  I R
2  2   2
 YZ   YZ 
 Y   1VR    1 I R
 4   2 
Therefore from equations above

 YZ   YZ 
A  D    1 ; B  Z  and C  Y   1 mho
 2   4 
 Derivation of Long line model
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

z∆x
IS F(x+∆x) IR

y∆x VR
VS V(x+∆x) V(x)

∆x x

l
Fig 1.4 Transmission Line section of length ∆x

• Fig. 2.5 Long transmission line representation.

V
Z  z  l and Y  y  l V  Iz x   Iz
dV x
Again as x  0, we get  Iz
dx • (1)
dI
 Vy • (2)
For x  0 we then have dx

 V  V derivative
I Taking y x  Vy x  ofVyeqn.(1)
x with respect to x
we get
d  dV  dI
 z
dx  dx  dx
(3)
 Long Line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

dV d 2V
 Iz  2
 yzV  V  2
(4)
dx dx
dI d 2I
 Vy   yzI  I  2
(5)
dx dx 2
The xtics equation of equation 4 or 5 is yz
 2  yz    yz propagation constant
Without Resistance  z  jl and y  jc
    2lc  j lc  With Resistance      j 
  the attenuation constant
  the phase constant
 Long Line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

d 2V
2
  2
V  0  second order hmogeneous ODE
dx
The roots of the above equation is
 s     s      V ( x)  k1e x  k2e  x
where k1 and k 2 are integraton constant
 2  yz    yz propagation constant
 Long Line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

V ( x )  k1e x  k2e  x
k1e x k2e  x z z
I ( x)    
z / z /  y
z
where Z C   which is called the characteristic impedance
y
at x=0  V (0)  VR and I (0)  I R
ELE8317(LECTURER 1) Long Line

VR  Z C I R V  ZC I R
k1  and k2  R
2 2
 V  Z C I R   x  VR  Z C I R   x
V ( x)   R e  e
 2   2 
 V  ZC I R   x  VR  ZC I R   x
I ( x)   R e  e
 2 ZC   2 ZC 
 e x  e  x   e x  e  x 
V ( x)    V  ZC   I
 2  R  2  R
   
1  e x  e  x   e x  e  x 
I ( x)    V  ZC  
ZC  2  R


 2 

ELE8317(LECTURER 1) Long Line

V ( x)  Cosh   x  VR  Z C sinh   x  I R
1
I ( x)  sinh   x  VR  Cosh   x  I R
ZC
 Cosh   x  Z C sinh   x  
V ( x) 
 1  VR 
 I ( x) 
   sinh   x  Cosh   x    I R 
 ZC 
ELE8317(LECTURER 1) Long Line

V ( x)  Cosh   x  VR  Z C sinh   x  I R
1
I ( x)  sinh   x  VR  Z C Cosh   x  I R
ZC
 Cosh   x  Z C sinh   x  
V ( x)    VR 
 I ( x )    1 sinh   x  Cosh   x    I R 
  Z 
 C
Vs   A B  VR 
 I   C D   I 
 s   R
 Performance Equations and Parameters of
Transmission Lines
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

•A transmission line is characterized by four parameters:

–series resistance (R) due to conductor resistivity
–shunt conductance (G) due to currents along insulator strings and corona;
effect is small and usually neglected
–series inductance (L) due to magnetic field surrounding the conductor
–shunt capacitance (C) due to the electric field between the conductors

These are distributed parameters.

The parameters and hence the characteristics of cables differ significantly
from those of overhead lines because the conductors in a cable are
–much closer to each other
–surrounded by metallic bodies such as shields, lead or aluminum sheets,
and steel pipes
–separated by insulating material such as impregnated paper, oil, or inert
gas
 Line Performance (cont.)
• For balanced steady-state operation, the performance of
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
transmission lines may be analyzed in terms of single-phase
equivalents. z∆x
IS F(x+∆x) IR

y∆x VR
VS V(x+∆x) V(x)

∆x x

l
Fig 1.5 Transmission Line section of length ∆x

Fig. 1. Voltage and current relationship of a distributed parameter line

V  Z I V  Z I
 x
e   x (1.1)
  R C R R C R
V e 
2 2
V V
R  I R  I
ZC R
 x ZC R
I  e  e  x
(1.2)
2 2

The general solution for voltage and current at a distance x

from the receiving end is:
where Z C  z and   zy    j 
y
 Lossless Line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
The constant ZC is called the characteristic impedance and γ is called
the propagation constant.
• The constants γ and ZC are complex quantities. The real part of the
propagation constant γ is called the attenuation constant α, and the
imaginary part the phase constant β.
If losses are completely neglected,
L
ZC   Real Number
C
(pure resistance)

  j   Imaginary number
 LOSSLESS LINE(cont.)
•
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
For a lossless line, Equations 1.1 and 1.2 simplify to
V V  cos  x  jZ I sin  x
R C R (1.3)
V  
I  jV R  R  sin  x  cos  xI R
 ZC  (1.4)

When dealing with lightening/switching surges, HV lines are assumed to be

lossless. Hence, ZC with losses neglected is commonly referred to as the surge
impedance. V02
SIL  watts
ZC
The power delivered by a line when terminated by its surge impedance is
known as the natural load or surge impedance load.
where V0 is the rated voltage

• At SIL, Equations 1.3 and 1.4 further simplify to

V V  e x (1.5)
R

I  I e  x
R
(1.6)
 Surge impedance loading (SIL)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• Surge impedance loading (SIL) is the power delivered by a lossless

line to a load resistance Lequal to the surge impedance Zc= √LC.

• Lossless line C
L
Zo   which is called Surge impedance of a line
C
(kVLL) 2
SIL = which is called Surge Impedance Loading
Zo

• A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading:

• (i) Has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and
• (ii)IWill
2
XL 
V 2 approximately
have V2
, or 2  X L X C =
aL flat voltage
 Zo  
V profile
L

along its length.
• For (i) to Xhold:
C I C I C
 Surge impedance loading (SIL)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

S ( x)  P ( x)  jQ( x )  V ( x) I ( x)*
* 2
 e j xVR  VR
 e VR  
j x

Z
 
ZC
 C 
V 
2

SIL  rated

ZC

SIL serves as a convenient reference Vrated ( KV ) L

2
Vrated
ZC 
quantity for evaluating and ZC   SIL  MW 
C
expressing line performance
Underground cables have higher 69 366-400 12-13
138 366-405 47-52
shunt capacitance; hence, ZC is much
230 365-395 134-145
smaller and SIL is much higher than
345 280-366 325-425
those for overhead lines. 500 233-294 850-1075
for example, the SIL of a 230 kV 765 254-266 2200-2300
cable is about 1100 231 5238
1400 MW generate VARs at all loads
 High Surge Impedance Loading Line - HSIL
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN HSIL LINE

 Enhanced Power Transfer Capacity
 Improved Voltage Regulation of Highly Stressed
Transmission Lines
 Improved Power Systems Transient Stability Limits
 Reduced Environmental Impact, for the Same Power
Transmission Level
 Maximum Utilization of Existing Right-of-Ways
 Voltage Profile of a Radial Line at No-Load
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• With receiving end open, IR = 0. Assuming a lossless line
from Equations 1.1 and 1.2, we have
V  V cos
R   x (1.7)

 Z C  sin   x 
(1.8)
I  j V
R

At the sending end

V (x
V
= l),
 cos  l
S R (1.9)
V cos 
R

where ϴ = βl. The angle ϴ is referred to as the electrical

length or the line angle, and is expressed in radians.
From Equations 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3
V  V cos  x
(1.10)
cos 
S

VS sin  x
I  j (1.11)
Z C cos 
 • As an example, consider a 300 km, 500 kV line with β =
0.0013 rads/km, ZC = 250 ohms, and VS = 1.0 pu:
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

  300 x 0.0013  0.39 rads

 22.3
1.0
VR  
 1.081 pu and I S  0.411 pu
cos 22.3

Base current is equal to that corresponding to SIL.

Voltage and current profiles are shown in Figure 1.6.

• The only line parameter, other than line length, that
affects the results of Figure 1.6 is β. Since β is
practically the same for overhead lines of all voltage
levels (see Table 1.1), the results are universally
applicable, not just for a 500 kV line.
 _
V 1. 0
VR  
cos  x cos( 0.003 * x )
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

(a) Schematic Diagram

Voltage profile
1.1

1.08

1.06
Voltage(pu)

1.04

1.02 (b) Voltage Profile

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

y(distance)

(c) Current Profile

Figure 1.6 Voltage and current profiles for a 300 km lossless line with receiving end open-
circuited
 The receiving end voltage for different line lengths:

- for l = 300 km, VR = 1.081 pu

ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
- for l = 600 km, VR = 1.407 pu
- for l = 1200 km, VR = infinity
Rise in voltage at the receiving end is because of capacitive charging
current flowing through line inductance.
known as the "Ferranti effect".
 Voltage - Power Characteristics of a Radial Line
PR  jQ R
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
I R 
V*
R

• Corresponding to a load of PR+jQR at the receiving end, we have

 
•
V V cos   jZ sin   PR  jQR 
S R C *
 V R 
•
(1.13)

• Assuming the line to be lossless, from Equation 1.13 with x = l

Fig. 1.7 shows the relationship between VR and PR for a 300 km line with different loads
and power factors.
The load is normalized by dividing PR by P0, the natural load (SIL), so that the results are
applicable to overhead lines of all voltage ratings.

• From Figure 1.7 the following fundamental properties of ac transmission are evident:
a) There is an inherent maximum limit of power that can be transmitted at any load
power factor. Obviously, there has to be such a limit, since, with ES constant, the
only way to increase power is by lowering the load impedance. This will result in
increased current, but decreased VR and large line losses. Up to a certain point the
increase of current dominates the decrease of VR, thereby resulting in an increased
PR. Finally, the decrease in VR is such that the trend reverses.
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Figure 1.7 Voltage-power characteristics of a 300 km lossless radial line

 Voltage profiles
Loadings can vary from a small fraction of SIL during light load conditions up to
multiples of SIL, depending on line length and line compensation, during heavy
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
load conditions
• At no-load, IR,no-load = 0 → Vno-load(x) = cos(βx)VR,no-load
→VS = cos(βl)VR,no-load
• The voltage profile at SIL is flat
• For a short circuit at the load → VR,short = 0
→Vshort-circuit(x) = ZCsin(βx)IR,short-circuit
→VS = ZCsin(βl)IR,short-circuit
V(x)
VRNL  Vs / cos   l 
No Load

SIL
Vs VRSIL  Vs
Full load

VRFL

VRSC  0
xl x0
Re cieving end
Sending end
 Power Transfer and Stability Considerations
The complex power at the receiving end is
V V  
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
* S R

S R  PR  jQ R  VR I  VR 
  

 jX 
V cos   jVS sin   E R 
 VR  S 
 jX 
VSVR
PR  sin 
X (1.14)
Hence,
VSVR cos   VR2 (1.15)
QR 
X

VSVR
PS  sin  (1.16)
X
VS2  VSVR cos  (1.17)
Similarly, QS 
X
Equations 1.14 to 1.15 describe the way in which active and reactive
power are transferred
• Let us examine the dependence of P and Q transfer on the source
voltages, by considering separately the effects of differences in voltage
magnitudes and angles
 Power Transfer and Stability Considerations
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• Assuming a lossless line, from Equation 1.14 with x = l, we can show that
V SVR
PR  sin 
Z C sin  (1.18)
where Ɵ = βl is the electrical length of line and is the angle by which VS leads VR, i.e. the load angle.
• If VS = VR = rated voltage, then the natural load is
VSVR
PO 
ZC

and Equation 1.18 becomes

PO
PR  sin 
sin 

The above is valid for synchronous as well as asynchronous load at the receiving end.

• Fig. 1.12(a) shows the δ - PR relationship for a 400 km line.

For comparison, the Vm - PR characteristic of the line is shown in Fig. 1.12(b).

ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Figure 1.12 PR-δ and Vm-PR characteristics of 400 km lossless line transmitting power between
two large systems
 Reactive Power Requirements
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• From Equation 1.17, with x = l and VS = VR = 1.0, we can show that
Q R  Q S


2
VS  cos   cos  
(1.19) Z C sin 

• Fig. 1.13 shows the terminal reactive power requirements of lines of

different lengths as a function of PR.
– Adequate VAR sources must be available at the two ends to operate with varying load
and nearly constant voltage.

General Comments
– Analysis of transmission line performance characteristics presented above represents
a highly idealized situation
– useful in developing a conceptual understanding of the phenomenon
– dynamics of the sending-end and receiving-end systems need to be considered for
accurate analysis.
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Figure 1.13 Terminal reactive power as a function of power transmitted for different line
lengths
 Loadability Characteristics
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• The concept of "line loadability" was introduced by H.P. St. Clair in 1953
• Fig. 1.14 shows the universal loadability curve for overhead uncompensated lines
applicable to all voltage ratings
• Three factors influence power transfer limits:
– thermal limit (annealing and increased sag)
– voltage drop limit (maximum 5% drop)
– steady-state stability limit (steady-state stability margin of 30% as shown in Fig. 1.8)
– Percentage stability margin=(Pmax-Plmit)/Pmax

• The "St. Clair Curve" provides a simple means of visualizing power transfer capabilities
of transmission lines.
– useful for developing conceptual guides to preliminary planning of transmission systems
– must be used with some caution

Large complex systems require detailed assessment of their performance and

consideration of additional factors
 "St. Clair Curve"
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

(1) Region of thermal limitation =>0-80 Km

3.0 (2) Region of voltage drop limitation => 80-320

(3) Region of small signal stability =>limitation 320-960Km

Line load limit in pu of SIL

2.0

1.0 (1)
(2)
(3)

0 960
160 320 480 640 800

Line Length

Fig. 1.14 Transmission line loadability curve

 Stability Limit Calculation for Line Loadability
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Figure 1.15 Steady state stability margin calculation

 Factors Influencing Transfer of Active and
Reactive Power
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• Consider two sources connected by an inductive reactance as shown in Figure

1.16.
– representation of two sections of a power system interconnected by a transmission
system
– a purely inductive reactance is considered because impedances of transmission
elements are predominately inductive
– effects of shunt capacitances do not appear explicitly

(a) Equivalent system diagram

δ = load angle
Φ = power factor angle

(b) Phasor diagram

Figure 1.16 Power transfer between two sources

 (a) Condition with δ = 0:
• From Equations 1.16 to 1.18, we have
PR  PS  0
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

V R  VS  V R  VS  V S  V R 
QR  , QS 
X X

• With VS > VR, QS and QR are positive

With VS < VR, QS and QR are negative

• As shown in Fig. 1.16,
– transmission of lagging current through an inductive reactance causes a drop in
receiving end voltage
– transmission of leading current through an inductive reactance causes a rise in
receiving end voltage
• Reactive power "consumed" in eachV
QS  QR 
 case 
is V
S R 2  XI 2
X
I
jXI -jXI
VR VS VS VR
I

(a) VS>VR (b) VR>VS

Figure 1.17 Phasor diagrams with δ = 0

 (b) Condition with VS = VR and δ  0
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• From Equations 1.16 to 1.19, we now have
2
V
PR  PS  sin 
X
V 2
Q S  Q R   1  cos  
X
1
 X I 2
2

• With δ positive, PS and PR are positive, i.e., active power flows from sending to receiving end
• In each case, there is no reactive power transferred from one end to the other; instead,
VR
each end supplies half of Q consumed by X. ϕ
VS
VR
jXI δ
jXI
δ ϕ

Vs VR

δ>0
δ<0

(a) δ > 0 (b) δ < 0

Figure 1.18 Phasor diagram with VS = VR

 (c) General case applicable to any condition:
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• We now have
V S cos   jVS sin   E R
I 
jX (1.20)
2 2
VS  VR  2VSVR cos 
QS  Q R 
X
(1.21)
2

 XI   XI 2
X

• If, in addition to X, we consider series resistance P2

R of the network, then 2
Qloss  X I 2
 X R Q R
2
VR (1.22)
P2 2
R Q R
Ploss  R I 2  R
V 2
R (1.23)

• The reactive power "absorbed" by X for all conditions is X I 2. This leads to the concept of "reactive
power loss", a companion term to active power loss.

• An increase in reactive power transmitted increases active as well as reactive power losses. This has
an impact on efficiency and voltage regulation.
 Conclusions Regarding Transfer of Active and Reactive Power
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

• The active power transferred (PR) is a function of voltage magnitudes and δ.

However, for satisfactory operation of the power system, the voltage magnitude at
any bus cannot deviate significantly from the nominal value. Therefore, control of
active power transfer is achieved primarily through variations in angle δ.
• Reactive power transfer depends mainly on voltage magnitudes. It is transmitted
from the side with higher voltage magnitude to the side with lower voltage
magnitude.
• Reactive power cannot be transmitted over long distances, since it would require a
large voltage gradient to do so.
• An increase in reactive power transfer causes an increase in active as well as
reactive power losses.

Although we have considered a simple system, the general conclusions are applicable to any
practical system, In fact, the basic characteristics of ac transmission reflected in these conclusions
have a dominant effect on the way in which we operate and control the power system.
 Numerical Calculation
Theoretical maximum power delivered: long line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Theoretical steady-state stability limit: long line

Pmax represents the theoretical steady-state stability limit of a lossless line.

V V ( SIL)sin VsVR ( SIL)

PR  s R  (  900 )
 2 l   2 l 
sin   sin   
    
Maximum real power
2
VsVR AV R
PR  c os( z   )  c os( z   A )
Z Z
The theoretical maximum real power delivered (or steady  state stabi
limit ) occurs when    Z
VsVR AVR2
PR   c os( z   A )
Z Z
 Numerical Calculation(cont.)
Reactive Power Injection
In order to keep the receiving-end voltage at a specified value a controlled reactive
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
power source/compensating equipment) must be used to supply the reactive power
needed base on the following equation:
QR+ Qc= QD

VR
PR+jQR PD+jQD
jQc
Var
Load
Genearator

Fig 1. Voltage controller

VR V VR
jQc(3 phase)  3 (  I c* )  j 3  R MVAR
3XC 3 3X C
2
VR
Qc (3 phase)  MVAR
XC
2
VR
For InductorsQL (3 phase)  MVAR
XL
Shunt reactive compensation is considered to improve transmission-line voltage
regulation
 Numerical Calculation(cont.)
Series Compensation
Capacitor banks are installed in series with each phase conductor at selected points
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
along a line. Their effect is to reduce the net series impedance of the line in series with
the capacitor banks, thereby reducing line-voltage drops and increasing the steady-
state stability limit.

Z '  j ( X  Xer ) Re call for  network

2j  YZ 
Y' tan(  l / 2) A D   1 ; B  Z 
Zc  2 
Z 'Y '  YZ 
and C  Y   1  mho
A 1 ; B  cons tan t  4 
2

 ABCD  capacitor  ABCD  network  ABCD  capacitor

 Aeq Beq  1  jXser   A B  1  jXser 
    C
 C Deq  0 1  D 
 0 1 

 eq 
 Numerical Calculation
Example 1
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Q1A balanced, three-phase load having a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied
by a transmission line carrying 300 amps at 115 kV line-to-line. Compute the
three-phase real and reactive power delivered to the load.
Solution
S3  3  VLL  I   3    115 10    300   59.756 MVA
3

pf  0.8    cos 1  0.8   36.9  sin     0.6

P  (59.756)  ( 0.8)  47.8 MW
Q  (59.756)  ( 0.6)  35.879 MVAR
 EXAMPLE 2
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Velocity of propagation is
1
 2.994  105 km / s
LC
 EXAMPLE 2
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

Velocity of propagation is
1
 2.994  105 km / s
LC
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
EXAMPLE 2(cont.)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
EXAMPLE 2(cont.)
 Example 3
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per

phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that
are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing
560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging. The second load
absorbs 132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line
voltage at the load end of the line is 3810.5 volts.
Determine:
(a)The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of
the line.
(b)Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
(c) Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending
end of the line.
 Example 3
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that
are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging. The second load absorbs
132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at the load end of the line is 3810.5 volts. Determine:
(a)The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.
(b)Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
(c) Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

a) The phase voltage at the load terminals is

3810.5
V2   2200 V
3
The total complex power is
S R  3   560.1 0.707  j 0.707   132  528  j 396  66036.87  kVA
With the phase voltage V2 as reference, the current in the line is
S R*  3  660,000  36.87 
I   100   36 .87 
A
3V2* 
3 22000 

The phase voltage at the sending end is
V1  22000    0.4  j 2.7  100  36.87   2401.74.58 V
The magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line is
V1L  3 V1  3  2401.7   4160 V
 Example 3(cont.)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that
are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging. The second load absorbs
132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at the load end of the line is 3810.5 volts. Determine:
(a)The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.
(b)Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
(c) Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

b) The three-phase power loss in the line is

S L 3   3R I  j 3 X I  3  0.4   100   j 3  2.7   100 
2 2 2 2

 12 kW  j81 kvar
(c) The three-phase sending power is
  
S S  3   3V1I *  3 2401.74.58 10036.87   540 kW  j 477 kvar
It is clear that the sum of load powers and the line losses is equal to the power
delivered from the supply, i.e.,
S S  3   S R 3   S L 3    528  j396    12  j81  540 kW  j 477 kvar
 Example 4
• Practical line loadability and percent voltage regulation: long line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• A three-phase, 765-kV, 60-Hz 300-km uncompensated line with A= 0.9313 per unit; ϴA =
0.2090 ; B = 97.0Ω; ϴ Z = 87.2 0 has four 1,272,000-cmil 54/3 ACSR conductors per bundle(means
current-carrying capacity is obtain from Table 4A)). The line has the
following positive-sequence impedance and admittance: z = 0.0165
+j0.3306 Ω/km and y = j4.674 *10-6 S/km. The sending-end voltage is held
constant at 1.0 per-unit of rated line voltage. Determine the following:
a) The practical line loadability. (Assume an approximate receiving-
end voltage VR= 0.95 per unit and δ = 350 maximum angle across
the line.)
b) The full-load current at 0.986 p.f. leading based on the above
practical line loadability
c) The exact receiving-end voltage for the full-load current found in
part (b)
d) Percent voltage regulation for the above full-load current
e) Thermal limit of the line, based on the approximate current-
carrying capacity given in Table A.4
 Example 4
• Practical line loadability and percent voltage regulation: long line
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
• (a)VS = 765, VR = 0.95 x 765 kV, and δ= 3560 using the values of Z’, ϴZ, A, and ϴA ,
Z  j 0.331ohm / km; y  j 4.674 *10 s / km
Zc  266.1 SIL=2199.1
VSVR SIL
PL 3   sin 
sin  2 l /  
Maximum real power
VsVR AV 2
PR  c os( z   )  c os( z   A )
R

Z Z
765 * (0.95 * 765) 0.9313* (0.95 * 765) 2
PR  cos(87.2  35)  cos(87.2  0.209)
97.0 97.0
PR  3513  266  3247 MW

• PR = 3247 MW is the practical line loadability, provided the thermal

and voltage-drop limits are not exceeded.
• (b) For the above loading at 0.986 p.f. leading and at 0.95 x 765 kV,
the full load receiving-end current is
 Example 4(Cont.)
(b)(continou )
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

3247
IR   2.616 KA
3 * 0.95 * 765 * 0.98
I R  2.616 KA cos 1(0.986)  2.616 KA9.60
(c) VS  AVR  BI R 
765
   0.9313VR  30.04   j  0.0034VR  251.97 
3
after solving above equation
VR  420.7 KV
( d ) Recieving end no load voltage
VR (no-load)=Vs/A=821.4
821.4  728.7
%VR   12.72%
728.7
(e)current-carrying capacity is
4X1.2 KA= 4.8 kA (table 4A)
 Example 5
• A three-phase, 765-kV, 60-Hz line has inductance per phase of 0.88853 mH/Km and
capacitance 0:01268 µF/Km . The line is 400 Km long, The per phase resistance is 0.011per
km.
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
a)Determine the transmission line surge impedance Zc, phase constant β, wavelength γ, the
surge impedance loading SIL, and the ABCD constant.( for the purpose of this problem, a
lossless line is assumed).
b)Determine the sending end quantities for the specified receiving end quantities of 735/ 00
kV, 1600 MW, 1200 Mvar.
c)For the line loading of part (b), determine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt
capacitors to be installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at 735 kV
when line is energized with 765 kV. Obtain the line performance of the compensated line.
d) Determine the line performance when the line is compensated by series capacitor for 40
percent compensation with the load condition in part (a) at 735 kV.
e)Obtain the line loadability curves when the sending end voltage is 765 kV, and the receiving
end voltage is 735 kV. The current-carrying capacity of the line is 5000 A per phase.
f)  
• Solution
• (a)
• Solution
   LC  2 60 0.88853* 0.01268*109  0.001265Radian / Km
 l  0.001265* 400 *180 /   290
  2 /   4967 Km
ZC  L / C  2 60 0.88853/0.01268 *10  3  264.7
 KVLrated 
2

SIL   2210.89 MW
ZC
 Example 5(cont.)
Equivalent  model

Z' = 4.0314 + j 128.345 ohms
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Y' = 1.41203e-006 + j 0.00195399 siemens
Zc = 264.749 + j -4.34588 ohms
1 = 0.00830975 neper  l = 0.506227 radian = 29.0047 0
A B  0.87461+j0.0040293 4.0314 + j 128.34 
C =
 D   -2.6131*10-6 + j0.0018315
 0.87461+j0.0040293

(b) VR= 735 kV (L-L) at 00

 Pr  1600 MW   Qr  1200 Mvar    36.86990  
I R  Pr 3 * VR * pf  1571.02 A 
From VS=AVR+BIR
Vs = 904.235 kV (L-L) at 17.75670
From IS=CVR+DIR
Is = 1102.72 A at -2.190940 PFs = 0.940005 lagging
 Ps  3 VS IS cos  s  3 *904.235*1102.72 * 0.94  1623.444 MW ;
Qs  3 VS IS cos  s  589.206  
PL = 23.444 MW QL = -610.794 Mvar
(904.234 / 0.876)  735
Voltageregulation  *100%  40.65%
735
Transmission line efficiency = 98.5559
 Example 5(cont.)
(c) Shunt capacitive compensation
X  = Zc sin  l = 264.7sin290 =128.4
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
 128.33  1600 
The power angle   sin 1    21.42
0

 (765)(735) 
The net reactive power at the receiving end is
VRVS VR2
QR = cos   cos  l  397.05MVar
X X
Thus, the required capacitor Mvar is SC = j397.05 -j1200 = -j802:95. The capacitive
reactance is given by
2
VR 7352 106
XC =    j 672.8  C   3.942
SC* j802.95 2  60  672.8
(d) Series capacitor compensation
For 40 percent compensation, the series capacitor reactance per phase is
Xser  0.4  X   0.4(128.33)  51.33 
106
C  51.67  F
2  60  51.33
The new equivalent π circuit parameters are given by
Z   j ( Xser  X )  j (128.33  51.33)  j 77
2 2
Y  j
ZC
tan   l / 2   j
264.7
 
tan 290 / 2  j 0.00195

The new B constant is B = j77 and the new A and C constants are given by
 Example 5(cont.)
(e)
Y Z   Y Z  
A  1  0.9248; C=Y   1    0.00188
2  4 
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
2 2
Y  j
ZC
tan   l / 2   j
264.7
 
tan 290 / 2  j 0.00195

735
The receiving end voltage per phase is VR = = 424.352 kV
3
and the receiving end current is
 1600  j1200  MVA
*

IR =  1256.82  j942.62 A
3*424.352 kV
VS  AVR  BI R  0.92476  424.352  j 77 1.57102636.870
 474.9711.760 KV
Vs ( L  L)  3  474.97 KV  822.7 KV
I S  CVR  DI R 

  j 0.00188  (42435200 )   0 : 2476  1571.02   36.7 0 
= 1164.59  3.6280 A
The sending Power is
S S  3I *VS  1659.415.380 MVA
S

Voltage regulation is
 822.67 / 0.92476   735
Percent VR  100  21.035%
735
 Example 5(cont.)
8 Loadability curve for length up to 1/4 wavelength
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
7
SIL = 2210.7847MW, delta = 30degrees

P .U . S I L
5

Thermal limit
3

2
Theoretical stability limit
1 Practical line loadability

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Line length

1100 Voltage profile for length up to 1/8 wavelength, Zc = 264.7494 ohm

No-load
1000

900

800
SIL
700

600
Vr

500

400

300

200
Rated load
100
Short-ckt
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Sending end Receiving end
 Example 6
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)

A three-phase, 60-Hz completely transposed 765-kV, 280-km line

has two 795,000-cmil 26/2 ACSR conductors per bundle and the
following positive sequence line constants:
z = 0.022 + j0.35 Ω/km
–y = j4.625×10-6 S/km
Full load at receiving end of the line is 3500 MW at 0.99 pf leading
and at 95% of rated voltage. Assuming a medium-length line,
determine the following:
• a) Thermal limit, based on the approximate current-carrying
capacity
• b) Full load line losses
• c) Transmission-line efficiency at full load
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Example 6(Cont.)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Example 6(Cont.)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
Example 6(Cont.)
ELE8317(LECTURER 1)
APPENDIX