This document provides an overview of digital image processing fundamentals. It discusses image formation, which involves illumination of a scene and reflection of light from objects. Images are acquired digitally through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates, while quantization digitizes amplitude into grayscale levels. Digital images approximate real world scenes. Image size depends on resolution, with higher resolution meaning more pixels and grayscale levels. Resolution affects image quality and storage requirements. The document also covers resizing images through techniques like pixel replication, interpolation and enlarging while maintaining quality.
This document provides an overview of digital image processing fundamentals. It discusses image formation, which involves illumination of a scene and reflection of light from objects. Images are acquired digitally through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates, while quantization digitizes amplitude into grayscale levels. Digital images approximate real world scenes. Image size depends on resolution, with higher resolution meaning more pixels and grayscale levels. Resolution affects image quality and storage requirements. The document also covers resizing images through techniques like pixel replication, interpolation and enlarging while maintaining quality.
This document provides an overview of digital image processing fundamentals. It discusses image formation, which involves illumination of a scene and reflection of light from objects. Images are acquired digitally through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates, while quantization digitizes amplitude into grayscale levels. Digital images approximate real world scenes. Image size depends on resolution, with higher resolution meaning more pixels and grayscale levels. Resolution affects image quality and storage requirements. The document also covers resizing images through techniques like pixel replication, interpolation and enlarging while maintaining quality.
This document provides an overview of digital image processing fundamentals. It discusses image formation, which involves illumination of a scene and reflection of light from objects. Images are acquired digitally through sampling and quantization. Sampling digitizes the spatial coordinates, while quantization digitizes amplitude into grayscale levels. Digital images approximate real world scenes. Image size depends on resolution, with higher resolution meaning more pixels and grayscale levels. Resolution affects image quality and storage requirements. The document also covers resizing images through techniques like pixel replication, interpolation and enlarging while maintaining quality.
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Digital Image Processing
Lecture # 2 Fundamentals
1 IMAGE FORMATION MODEL • Image refers to a 2d light-intensity function, f(x, y) • The amplitude of f at spatial coordinates (x, y) gives the intensity (brightness) of the image at that point. • Light is a form of energy thus f(x, y) must be nonzero and finite.
4 IMAGE FORMATION MODEL • The function f(x, y) may be characterized by two components: – The amount of source light incident on the scene being viewed illumination. – The amount of light reflected by the objects in the scene reflectance.
5 Image Acquisition Image Acquisition Sampling and Quantization
Sampling: Digitization of the spatial coordinates (x,y) Quantization: Digitization in amplitude (also known as gray level quantization)
10 Sampling and Quantization Quantization 8 bit quantization: 28 =256 gray levels (0: black, 255: white) 1 bit quantization: 2 gray levels (0: black, 1: white) – binary Sampling Commonly used number of samples (resolution) Digital still cameras: 640x480, 1024x1024, 4064 x 2704 Digital video cameras: 640x480 at 30 frames/second (fps)
11 Sampling and Quantization
Digital Image is an approximation of a real world
scene
12 Sampling and Quantization Image Formation
Digital Image is an approximation of a real world
scene
Sampling Sampling 14 Image Formation
Digital Image is an approximation of a real world
scene
Quantization Quantization 15 GRAY LEVEL • WE CALL THE INTENSITY OF A MONOCHROME IMAGE f AT COORDINATE (x, y) THE GRAY LEVEL (L) OF THE IMAGE AT THAT POINT. • Thus, l lies in the range
• Lmin is positive and Lmax is finite.
• Gray scale = [Lmin, Lmax] • Common practice, shift the interval to [0,L] : 0 = black, L- 1 = white
16 Digital Image Representation Image Size Number of bits required to store an image
Image having 2k intensity levels
k – bit image 256 intensity levels – 8 bit image
21 Intensity Level Resolution Intensity level resolution refers to the number of intensity levels used to represent the image
The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail in an image Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the number of bits used to store each intensity level
22 Intensity Level Resolution
Number of Intensity Number of Bits Examples Levels 1 2 0, 1 2 4 00, 01, 10, 11 4 16 0000, 0101, 1111 8 256 00110011, 01010101 16 65,536 1010101010101010
16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp) 25 Resolution: How much is enough? How many samples and gray levels are required for a good approximation? Quality of an image depends on number of pixels and gray-level number The more these parameters are increased, the closer the digitized array approximates the original image But: Storage & processing requirements increase rapidly as a function of N, M, and k
Example: Example: zoom zoomthis this image image 4xto 4x to get this get this image. image.
. . Start Startwith withaablank blankimage image44times timesthe the .Fill Fillininevery every4th 4thpixel pixelininevery every4th 4th linear dimensions of the original. linear dimensions of the original. row rowwith withthe theoriginal originalpixel pixelvalues. values.
Pixel Pixelreplication replication Bilinear Bilinearinterpolation interpolation Readings from Book (3 Edn.) rd
• Chapter – 2 Read topics from 2.2 to 2.4 from book Acknowledgements Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review – A.K Jain et al., PAMI (22) 2000 Material in these slides has been taken from, the following resources
Pattern Recognition and Analysis Course – A.K. Jain, MSU
Pattern Classification” by Duda et al., John Wiley & Sons. Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods, Addison-Wesley, 2002 Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision”, David Vernon, Prentice Hall, 1991 www.eu.aibo.com/ Advances in Human Computer Interaction, Shane Pinder, InTech, Austria, October 2008
