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Digital Image Processing: Lecture # 1 Introduction & Fundamentals

This document provides an introduction to digital image processing. It discusses how the human eye and brain perceive images, including the basic anatomy of the eye and how light is focused on the retina. It describes the retina's rod and cone cells that convert light into electrical signals for color and low-light vision. Finally, it defines what a digital image is, how pixels represent individual colors, and common image file formats like grayscale and RGB color.

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Ahsan
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125 views

Digital Image Processing: Lecture # 1 Introduction & Fundamentals

This document provides an introduction to digital image processing. It discusses how the human eye and brain perceive images, including the basic anatomy of the eye and how light is focused on the retina. It describes the retina's rod and cone cells that convert light into electrical signals for color and low-light vision. Finally, it defines what a digital image is, how pixels represent individual colors, and common image file formats like grayscale and RGB color.

Uploaded by

Ahsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing

Lecture # 1
Introduction & Fundamentals

1
Human and Image Perception

• We can’t think of image processing without human


vision system.
• We observe and evaluate the images that we process
with our visual system.
• Without taking this elementary fact into
consideration, we may be much misled in the
interpretation of images.

2
Human and Image Perception
Eye Basic Anatomy: Eye can be “extracted” and “disassembled” (for study)

3
Human and Image Perception
Simplified Midline View of the Eye (To explain how eye focuses)

4
Human and Image Perception
How eye focuses

5
Human and Image Perception

6
How eye focuses: Normal Vision-Focusing on the Retina

7
From Eye to the Brain
How does our brain receive this information?
Once the image is clearly focused on the sensitive part of the retina,
energy in the light that makes up that image creates an electrical signal.
Nerve impulses can then carry information about that image
to the brain through the optic nerve.

DIP Lecs By Dr M.Almas Anjum College of


8
E&ME
What we really “see” (after a number of days after the birth)

9
Retina: Contains specialized cells: (photo) receptors {converts light into electrical signals}
Rods – Black & White (Gray) images in low light (night)
Cones – Color Vision in bright light (day)

Direction of
Light

10
What happens when light reaches the retina?

It is packed with photosensitive cells called


.rods and cones
• Cones are the cells responsible for daylight
vision there are three different kinds –
each responding to a different wavelength
of light
• One responds to red light, one to green
light and one to blue light.
• It is these cones which allow us to see in
colour and detail
• Rods, on the other hand, are responsible
for night vision.
• They are sensitive to light but not to
wavelength information (colour)
In darkness, the cones do not function at all–
so we need rods in order to see thingseven
if it is only in shades of grey

11
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
I+Ic • The ability of the eye to
discrimination b/w changes
in brightness at any specific
adaptation level is of
considerable interest.
• I is uniformly illuminated on
I
a flat area large enough to
occupy the entire field of
Weber's ratio: Ic/I view.
Good brightness discrimination • Ic is the change in the
 Ic/I is small. object brightness required to
just distinguish the object
Bad brightness discrimination from the background
 Ic/I is large.

12
Digital Images
Digital Image

aagrid
gridof
ofsquares,
squares,
1 pixel
eachof
each ofwhich
which
containsaasingle
contains single
color
color

eachsquare
each squareisis
calledaapixel
called pixel(for
(for
pictureelement)
picture element)

19
Digital Image
• A set of pixels (picture elements, pels)
• Pixel means
– pixel coordinate
– pixel value
– or both
• Both coordinates and value are discrete

20
Example
640 x 480 8-bit image

DIP Lecs By Dr M.Almas Anjum College of


21
E&ME
22
23
DIGITAL IMAGE REPRESENTATION

PIXEL VALUES IN HIGHLIGHTED


REGION

A set of number
in 2D grid
CAMERA DIGITIZER
Samples the analog data and digitizes it.

24
Digital Image
Color images have 3 values per
pixel; monochrome images have
1 value per pixel.

aagrid
gridof
ofsquares,
squares,
eachof
each ofwhich
which
containsaasingle
contains single
color
color

eachsquare
each squareisis
calledaapixel
called pixel(for
(for
pictureelement)
picture element)

25
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
•Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)

•For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale


images
Readings from Book (3 Edn.)
rd

• Chapter – 2
Acknowledgements
 Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review – A.K Jain et al., PAMI (22) 2000

Material in these slides has been taken from, the following resources

Pattern Recognition and Analysis Course – A.K. Jain, MSU


 Pattern Classification” by Duda et al., John Wiley & Sons.
 Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods, Addison-Wesley, 2002
 Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision”, David Vernon, Prentice Hall,
1991
 www.eu.aibo.com/
 Advances in Human Computer Interaction, Shane Pinder, InTech, Austria, October 2008

28

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