Development of pneumatic systems
section 1
Control system development
The development of the control system solution requires that the problem is defined
clearly. There are many ways of representing the problem in a descriptive or
graphical form.
The methods of representing the control problem include:
Positional sketch
Displacement-step diagram
Control chart
Function diagram
Circuit diagram
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Program control
Sequence control:
A control system with compulsory stepped operation (step-by-step)
where switching-on from one step to the next in the program is
dependent upon certain conditions being satisfied.
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Sequence control:
The time-step diagram and the displacement-step diagram are used for
motion sequences.
The displacement-step diagram represents the operating sequence of the
actuators; the displacement is recorded in relation to the sequence step. If
a control system incorporates a number of actuators, they are shown in the
same way and are drawn one below the other. Their interrelation can be
seen by comparing the steps
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Example: Sequence Control
Positional sketch
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Circuit diagram
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Example: Sequence Control
The diagram illustrates the following sequence:
If the limit switch 1S1 is actuated and the push button 1S0 is pressed by the
operator, the piston rod of cylinder 1A extends.
When the cylinder 1A reaches its forward end position, the limit switch
1S2 is actuated and the piston rod of cylinder 2A advances.
When the cylinder 2A reaches its forward end position, the limit switch
2S2 is actuated and the piston rod of cylinder 1A retracts.
When the cylinder 1A reaches its retracted end position, the limit switch
1S1 is actuated and the piston rod of cylinder 2A retracts.
When cylinder 2A reaches its retracted end position, the limit switch 2S1 is
actuated and the initial position is reached again.
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Example: Sequence Control
Step 1: 1S0 and 1S1 actuated Cylinder 1A advances
Step 2: 1S2 actuated Cylinder 2A advances
Step 3: 2S2 actuated Cylinder 1A retracts
Step 4: 1S1 actuated Cylinder 2A retracts
Step 5: 2S1 actuated Initial position
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Motion Diagram
A. Displacement-step diagram
Displacement-step diagram Displacement-step diagram with signal lines
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Motion Diagram
B. Displacement-time diagram
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Control chart
In the control chart, the switching status of the control element is represented
in relation to the steps or the time. The switching time is not taken into account.
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Function diagram
• The function diagram is a
combination of the motion diagram
and the control chart. The lines
representing the individual states
are referred to as function lines
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Step sequence- Abbreviated notation
Abbreviated notation is another possibility of representing motion sequences.
In this case, the cylinder designations 1A, 2A, etc. are used in the sequence.
The signal for advancing is designated using a ‘+’ and the signal for retracting
using a ‘-‘.
The sequence 1A+ 2A+ 1A- 2A- is to be read as follows:
Cylinder 1A advances, cylinder 2A advances, cylinder 1A retracts,
cylinder 2A retracts. Sequential movements are written consecutively.
The sequence 1A+ 2A+ 1A- is to be read as:
2A-
Cylinder 1A advances, cylinder 2A advances and cylinder 1A retracts, cylinder
2A retracts. Simultaneous movements are written vertically.
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Displacement-step diagram
Representation of signal lines:
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Development of Electro-pneumatic
systems
Chapter 5 Section 2
Electro pneumatic Structure and Signal
-Flow Diagram
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Electro pneumatic control system
An electro pneumatic control system works with two forms of energy:
Electrical energy in the signal control section
Compressed air in the power section
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pneumatic system
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Electro pneumatic system
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Feeding device Example
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Feeding device Example
The program-controlled sequence is triggered when the operator presses the "START“
pushbutton. The sequence comprises the following steps:
1. Step 1:
The piston rod of cylinder 1A advances.
The workpiece is pushed out of the magazine.
2. Step 2:
The piston rod of cylinder 2A advances.
The workpiece is fed to the machining station.
3. Step 3: The piston rod of cylinder 1A retracts.
4. Step 4: The piston rod of cylinder 2A retracts.
The "START" button must be pressed again to trigger another feed operation.
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Feeding device Example
Displacement-step diagram for the feeding device
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Feeding device Example
Pneumatic circuit diagram of the feeding
device
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Feeding device Example
24 Electrical circuit diagram of the feeding device
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Feeding device Example
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Sample application: project design of a lifting device
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Sample application: Lifting Device
Positional sketch of the lifting device
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Sample application: Lifting Device
A lifting device transfers workpieces from one roller conveyor to another at a
different height. The task is to carry out the project engineering for the associated
electro-pneumatic control system.
There are three pneumatic drives:
1. Drive 1A lifts the workpieces.
2. Drive 2A pushes the workpieces onto the upper roller conveyor.
3. Drive 3A is used as a stopper, for releasing and interrupting the supply of
workpieces.
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Sample application: Lifting Device
The following operating functions are specified in more detail in relation to the lifting device:
"EMERGENCY STOP": When this is actuated, not only the electrical power supply, also the pneumatic power
supply must be shut down.
"Reset": This returns the system to the initial position, i.e. the piston rods of cylinders 1A and 2A retract, the
piston rod of cylinder 3A extends.
"Continuous cycle OFF": This stops the continuous cycle process. If there is already a workpiece in the
device, it is transferred to the upper roller conveyor. The piston rods of cylinders 1A and 2A retract. The
device is subsequently in its initial position.
Functions of the control elements
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Control panel of the control system for Saleh Ahmad
lifting device
Sample application: Lifting Device
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Pneumatic circuit diagram of the lifting device
Sample application: Lifting Device
Displacement-step diagram for the lifting device
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Sample application: Lifting Device
Conditions for actuation of the solenoid coils
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Sample application: Lifting Device
• Electrical Components List for relays
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Sample application: Lifting Device
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elements
Sample application: Lifting Device
35 Electrical circuit diagram of the lifting device - sensor evaluation
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Sample application: Lifting Device
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Electrical circuit diagram of the lifting device - switching Saleh Ahmad steps
sequence
Sample application: Lifting Device
37 Electrical circuit diagram of the lifting device - circuitry ofDr.solenoid coils
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Electrical circuit diagram of the lifting device Dr. Saleh Ahmad
Sample application: Lifting Device
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