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    Calculations - Acid and Bases

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    Pranava
    Acids and bases differ in strength and concentration, both of which affect solution pH. Kw, the ionic product constant of water, is temperature dependent and represents the equilibrium between water and its ions. As temperature increases, Kw increases and pH decreases as more H+ and OH- ions are produced. The pH and pOH scales relate the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in solutions and their sum always equals pKw, the negative logarithm of Kw, at any given temperature.

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    Calculations - Acid and Bases

    Uploaded by

    Pranava
    35 views6 pages
    Acids and bases differ in strength and concentration, both of which affect solution pH. Kw, the ionic product constant of water, is temperature dependent and represents the equilibrium between water and its ions. As temperature increases, Kw increases and pH decreases as more H+ and OH- ions are produced. The pH and pOH scales relate the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in solutions and their sum always equals pKw, the negative logarithm of Kw, at any given temperature.

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    Calculations- Acid and Bases

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    Acids and bases differ in strength and concentration, both of which affect solution pH. Kw, the ionic product constant of water, is temperature dependent and represents the equilibrium between water and its ions. As temperature increases, Kw increases and pH decreases as more H+ and OH- ions are produced. The pH and pOH scales relate the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in solutions and their sum always equals pKw, the negative logarithm of Kw, at any given temperature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views6 pages

    Calculations - Acid and Bases

    Uploaded by

    Pranava
    Acids and bases differ in strength and concentration, both of which affect solution pH. Kw, the ionic product constant of water, is temperature dependent and represents the equilibrium between water and its ions. As temperature increases, Kw increases and pH decreases as more H+ and OH- ions are produced. The pH and pOH scales relate the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in solutions and their sum always equals pKw, the negative logarithm of Kw, at any given temperature.

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    Calculations involving acids and bases

    Acids and bases differ in their strength according to the equilibrium position of their
    ionization reactions. They can also be prepared in different concentrations of aqueous
    solution according to the ratio of acid or base to water used. Both these factors,
    strength and concentration, influence the pH of a solution.
    Kw is temperature dependent

    • Kw is known as the ionic product constant of water and has a fixed value at a
    specified temperature. At 298 K, Kw = 1.00 × 10–14.

    Kw = [H+][OH–] = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K

    As Kw is an equilibrium constant, its value must be temperature dependent. The


    reaction for the dissociation of water is endothermic (it involves bond breaking)
    • An increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the right and increase the value of Kw.
    This represents an increase in the concentrations of H+ (aq) and OH– (aq), and so a decrease in
    pH.
    • Conversely, a reduction in temperature, through its effect on shifting the equilibrium to the
    left, decreases the value of Kw, representing lower ion concentrations and so higher pH values.
    • The pH of pure water is 7.00 only when the temperature is 298 K.
    • Note that at temperatures above and below this, despite changes in the pH value,
    water is still a neutral substance as its H+(aq) concentration is equal to its OH–(aq)
    concentration. It does not become acidic or basic as we heat it and cool it respectively!
    • The temperature dependence of Kw means that the temperature should always be
    stated alongside pH measurements.
    pH and pOH scales are inter-related

    The pH scale was introduced in order to simplify the expression of the H+ concentration
    in a solution, and in particular it helps us to compare different solutions in terms of their
    H+ content.

    The same rationale can be applied to the OH– ions. Like H+ ions, OH– ions are often
    present in low concentrations in solutions and so have negative exponents when
    expressed as mol dm–3 that can be awkward to work with.

    The parallel scale, known as the pOH scale, is therefore used to describe the OH– content
    of solutions.

    • pOH = –log10[OH–]; • [OH–] = 10–pOH


    • pH = –log10[H+]; • [H+] = 10–pH
    • The logarithmic nature of these scales means that a change of one unit in pH or pOH
    represents a 10× change in [H+] or [OH–] respectively.
    • The scales are inverse, so the higher the H+ or OH– concentration, the smaller the pH or
    pOH value. These values are usually positive and have no units.
    • From the relationship [H+][OH–] = Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K, it follows that
    10–pH × 10–pOH = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K
    • By taking the negative logarithm to base 10 of both sides, we get
    pH + pOH = 14.00 at 298 K

    • In the same way as the negative logarithms to base 10 of H+ and OH– are known as pH
    and pOH respectively, the same terminology can be applied to Kw to derive pKw.
    • pKw = –log10(Kw)
    • Kw =10 -pKw
    • So we can rewrite the expression above in a form that will apply to all temperatures:
    pH + pOH = pKw

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