DBMS

What Is DBMS?

Data is one of the most important assets of a company.

It is very important to make sure data is stored and
maintained accurately and quickly. DBMS (Database
Management System) is a system that is used to store
and manage data.

Collection of interrelated data

 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular
enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use
A DBMS is a set of programs that is used to store and
manipulate data.
Manipulation of data include the following:
 Adding new data, for example adding details of new
student.
 Deleting unwanted data, for example deleting the
details of students who have completed course.
 Changing existing data, for example modifying the
fee paid by the student.
Examples
My sql
Microsoft sql
Microsoft Access
dBase
Filemaker pro
Database managements systems like Oracle, DB2 are
more powerful and meant for bigger companies.
Whereas, database management systems like MS-
Access are meant for small companies. So one has to
choose the DBMS depending upon the requirement.
Purpose of Database Systems
Database management systems were developed to handle
the following difficulties of typical file-processing
systems supported by conventional operating systems.
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation – multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity of updates
Concurrent access by multiple users
 Security problems
Advantages of DBMS
Improved data sharing.
The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users
have better access to more and better-managed data. Such access
makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes in
their environment.
Improved data security.
The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data
security breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of
time, effort, and money to ensure that corporate data are used
properly. A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement
of data privacy and security policies.
Improved data access. The DBMS makes it possible to produce
quick answers to ad hoc queries. From a database perspective, a
query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation
—for example, to read or update the data.
Improved decision making. Better-managed data and improved
data access make it possible to generate better-quality information,
on which better decisions are based.
Increased end-user productivity. The availability of data, combined
with the tools that transform data into usable information, empowers
end users to make quick, informed decisions that can make the
difference between success and failure in the global economy.
Better data integration  
Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of
the organization’s operations and a clearer view of the big picture.
It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the
company affect other segments
Minimized data inconsistency.
Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data
appear in different places. For example, data inconsistency exists
when a company’s sales department stores a sales representative’s
name as “Bill Brown” and the company’s personnel department
stores that same person’s name as “William G. Brown
.
Disadvantages
Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-
consuming to design
Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
Damage to database affects virtually all applications
programs
 Extensive conversion costs in moving from a file-
based system to a database system
 Initial training required for all programmers and users
An architecture for a database system
Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
 Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
end;
 View level: application programs hide details of data
types. Views can also hide information (e.g. salary) for
security purposes.
Features of DBMS
Apart from these features different database
management systems may offer different features. For
instance, Oracle is increasingly being fine-tuned to be
the database for Internet applications. This may not be
found in other database management systems.

Each DBMS has its own way of implementing it. A

DBMS may have more features and may also enhance
these features.
Features of DBMS
Support for large amount of data
Data concurrency and locking
Data Security
Data Integrity
Fault tolerance and recovery
Support for Languages
Support for large amount of data
Each DBMS is designed to support large amount of
data. They provide special ways and means to store
and manipulate large amount of data. Companies are
trying to store more and more amount of data. Some of
this data will have to be online
In most of the cases the amount of data that can be
stored is not actually constrained by DBMS and
instead constrained by the availability of the hardware.
For example, Oracle can store terabytes of data.
Data concurrency and locking
DBMS also allows data to be shared by two or more
users. The same data can be accessed by multiple users at
the same time – data concurrency. However when same
data is being manipulated at the same time by multiple
users certain problems arise. To avoid these problems,
DBMS locks data that is being manipulated to avoid two
users from modifying the same data at the same time.
The locking mechanism is transparent and automatic.
Neither we have to inform to DBMS about locking nor
we need to know how and when DBMS is locking the
data.
Data Security
While DBMS allows data to be shared, it also ensures
that data is only accessed by authorized users. DBMS
provides features needed to implement security at the
enterprise level. By default, the data of a user cannot
be accessed by other users unless the owner gives
explicit permissions to other users to do so.
Data Integrity
Maintaining integrity of the data is an import process.
If data loses integrity, it becomes unusable and
garbage. DBMS provides means to implement rules to
maintain integrity of the data. Once we specify which
rules are to be implemented, then DBMS can make
sure that these rules are implemented always.
Fault tolerance and recovery
DBMS provides great deal of fault tolerance. They
continue to run in spite of errors, if possible, allowing
users to rectify the mistake in the mean time.
DBMS also allows recovery in the event of failure to a
certain extend.
Support for Languages
DBMS supports a data access and manipulation
language. The most widely used data access language
for RDBMS (relational database management systems)
is SQL.
Functions of DBMS
Transaction Management:
This refers to how a DBMS must supply a method that will guarantee that
all the updates in a given transaction are made or not made.All
transactions must follow what is called the ACID properties.
A-Atomicity,C-Consistency,I-Isolation,D-Durability
Concurrency control:
Ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated,
while getting those results as quickly as possible.
Recovery Management-
Backup and recovery is brought to mind whenever there is
potential outside threats to a database. For example if there is a
power outage, recovery management is how long it takes to recover
the database after the outage.
Security Management:
Language Interface:
Storage management:
This particular function is used for the storage of data and any
related data entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions,
data validation rules, procedural code, and structures that can handle
video and picture formats. Users do not need to know how data is
stored or manipulated.
Data Catalog management:
A catalog describes data set attributes and indicates the volumes on
which a data set is located. When a data set is cataloged, it can be
referred to by name without the user needing to specify where the
data set is stored.
Various components in DBMS
1.Data
2.User
3.Procedure
4.Hardware
5.Software
Database Users
Database Administrator
Database Designers
End-users
System Administrator
Security Officers
Network Administrators
Entity and Attribute
An entity is any object that is stored in the database.
Each entity is associated with a collection of attributes.
For example, if you take a data of an educational
institution, student is an entity as we store information
about each student in the database. Each student is
associated with certain values such as roll number,
name, course etc., which are called as attributes of the
entity.
There will be relationship among entities. The
relationship between entities may be one-to-one, one-
to-many or many-to-many.
Primary Key
A table contains the data related entities. If you take
STUDETNS table, it contains data related to students.
For each student there will be one row in the table.
Each student’s data in the table must be uniquely
identified. In order to identify each entity uniquely in
the table, we use a column in the table. That column,
which is used to uniquely
identify entities (students) in the table is called as
primary key.
So a primary key can be defined as a set of columns
used to uniquely identify rows of a table.
Some other examples for primary keys are account
number in bank, employee number of an employee.
Composite Primary Key
In some tables a single column cannot be used to uniquely
identify entities (rows). In that case we have to use two or
more columns to uniquely identify rows of the table. When
a primary key contains two or more columns it is called as
composite primary key.
In PAYMENTS table, which contains the details of
payments made by the students. Each row in the table
contains roll number of the student, payment date and
amount paid. Neither of the columns can uniquely identify
rows. So we have to combine ROLLNO and DP to uniquely
identify rows in the table. As primary key is consisting of
two columns it is called as composite primary key.
Foreign Key
In relational model, we often store data in different tables and put them
together to get complete information. For example, in PAYMENTS
table we have only ROLLNO of the student. To get remaining
information about the student we have to use STUDETNS table. Roll
number in PAYMENTS table can be used to obtain remaining
information about the student.
The relationship between entities student and payment is one-to-many.
One student may make payment for many times. As we already have
ROLLNO column in PAYMENTS table, it is possible to join with
STUDENTS table and get information about parent entity (student).
Roll number column of PAYMENTS table is called as foreign key as it
is used to join PAYMENTS table with STUDENTS table. So foreign
key is the key on the many side of the relationship.
Sorting & Indexing
Organizing a database means arranging individual
records so that they appear in a sequence that makes a
proper sense and helps you to work with database
efficiently. The concept can be appreciated by taking
an example of telephone directory. Imagine a situation
where names in the directory are not arranged
alphabetically. This will create a mess and take much
longer time to find a particular name in the directory
Sorting & Indexing
Information must be organized before you can make
much sense of it. The elements of a database structure -
field name, type, and size are all intended to organize
within each record. There are two ways to organize
records in database. One is INDEXING and the other is
SORTING. Before sorting a database you make sure
that the database you want to sort is current:
Indexing:an index is a systematic arrangement of entries
designed to enable users to locate information in a
document
Sorting:any process of arranging items in some sequence
This SORT command creates a new database file. But
the new file contains records of the original database
file only the order is different
The index command does not create a new database
file. It creates an index file for the database with a
default extension
Sorting Indexing
Creates a new database file Does not create a new file

File extension is .DBF File extension is .NDX

Slower than index command Faster than sort command

Renumbers records Does not renumber records