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Frequency Modulation

FM stands for frequency modulation. In FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This results in an infinite number of sidebands being generated. The bandwidth of an FM signal depends on the maximum frequency deviation and highest modulating frequency based on formulas using Bessel functions or Carson's rule. Proper modulation index must be maintained to avoid interference between channels.

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129 views32 pages

Frequency Modulation

FM stands for frequency modulation. In FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This results in an infinite number of sidebands being generated. The bandwidth of an FM signal depends on the maximum frequency deviation and highest modulating frequency based on formulas using Bessel functions or Carson's rule. Proper modulation index must be maintained to avoid interference between channels.

Uploaded by

Jane Erestain Buenaobra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FREQUENCY

MODULATION
MODULATION
• It is the process of modifying a
carrier wave in accordance with an
information signal to be
transmitted.
FM PRINCIPLES
• In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant,
while the carrier frequency is changed by the
modulating signal.
• As the amplitude of the information signal
varies, the carrier frequency will shift in
proportion.
• As the modulating signal amplitude increases,
the carrier frequency increases.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION

• It refers to the amount of change in carrier


frequency produced by the modulating signal.
• It is expressed as the amount of frequency shift of
the carrier above or below the center frequency.
• Maximum frequency deviation occurs at the
maximum amplitude of the modulating signal.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION
RATE

• The frequency of the modulating signal


determines how many times per second the
carrier frequency deviates above and below its
nominal center frequency.
FREQUENCY DEVIATION
RATE

• With no modulating signal applied, the carrier


frequency is a constant-amplitude sine wave at
its normal constant center frequency.
PHASE MODULATION

• Another way of producing angle


modulation by varying the amount of phase
shift of a constant - frequency carrier in
accordance with a modulating signal.
PM PRINCIPLES

• A phase shift refers to a time separation


between two sine waves of the same
frequency.

• The greater the amplitude of the modulating


signal, the greater the phase shift.
• Phase modulation produces FM.

• Since the amount of phase shift is varying, the


effect is as if the carrier frequency is changed.

• Since FM is produced by PM, the latter is often


referred to as indirect FM.

• FM is only produced as long as the phase shift is


being varied.
PHASE MODULATION

• Maximum frequency deviation produced by a


phase modulator occurs during the time that the
modulating signal is changing at its most rapid
rate.

• The maximum rate of change of modulating


voltage occurs exactly at the zero crossing
points.
FM VS. PM

• In FM, maximum deviation occurs at the peak


positive and negative amplitudes of the
modulating signal.

• In PM, the maximum amount of leading or


lagging phase shift occurs at the peak amplitudes
of the modulating signal.
FM VS. PM
• In PM, the carrier frequency deviation is
proportional to both the modulating frequency
and amplitude.

• In FM, frequency deviation is proportional only


to the amplitude of the modulating signal
regardless of its frequency.
• To make PM compatible with FM, we must
compensate for the deviation produced by the
frequency changes in the modulating signal.

• A low-pass filter causes the higher modulating


frequencies to be attenuated in amplitude.
•Although the higher modulating frequencies
will produce a great rate of change and thus a
greater freq. deviation, this is offset by the
lower amplitude of the modulating signal which
will produce less phase shift and less frequency
deviation.
• This network compensates for the excess
frequency deviation caused by higher modulating
frequencies.

• The result is an output that is the same as an FM


signal.

• The FM produced by a phase modulator is called


indirect FM.
SIDEBANDS AND THE
MODULATION INDEX

• Any modulation process produces sidebands.


• In FM and PM, a theoretically infinite number of pairs of
upper and lower sidebands are generated.
• The spectrum of an FM/PM signal is usually wider than
an equivalent AM signal.
• A special narrowband FM signal whose bandwidth is
only slightly wider than that of an AM signal can also be
generated.
• The number of sidebands produced, their amplitude,
and their spacing depend upon the frequency deviation
and modulating frequency.

• Although the FM process produces an infinite number


of sidebands, only those with the largest amplitudes are
significant in carrying the information.

• Typically any sideband whose amplitude is less than


1% of the unmodulated carrier is considered
insignificant.
MODULATION INDEX

It is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the


modulating frequency

m = fd/fm

Example:
Assume that the maximum frequency deviation of the
carrier is ±25 kHz while the maximum modulating
frequency is 10 kHz, What is m?
• In most communications systems using FM, max.
limits are put on both the frequency deviation and
the modulating frequency.

• In standard FM broadcasting, the max. permitted


frequency deviation is 75 kHz, while the max.
permitted modulating frequency is 15 kHz.
• Whenever the max. allowable frequency
deviation and the max. modulating frequency
are used in computing the modulation index, m
is known as the deviation ratio.
SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS OF
SIDEBANDS
0.77

0.44 0.44

0.11
0.11
0.02 0.02
• Bessel functions – a complex mathematical process
used to compute the number and amplitudes of the
significant sidebands

• The BW of an FM signal can be determined using the


simple formula:

BW = 2Nfmmax

Where N is the number of significant sidebands


• Carson’s rule – an alternative way to calculate the
BW of an FM signal

• This rule takes into consideration only the power


in the most significant sidebands whose
amplitudes are greater than 2% of the carrier.

BW = 2(fdmax + fmmax)
• It gives a smaller bandwidth.

• It is determined that if a circuit or system has


that BW, sufficient sideband power will be
passed to ensure full intelligibility of the
information signal.
EXAMPLES:

1. Determine the BW of the FM signal if the


modulation index is 2 and the highest
modulating frequency is 2.5 kHz.

2. Assuming a maximum frequency deviation of 5


kHz and a maximum modulating frequency of
3.5 kHz, what is the BW?
FM AND PM PRINCIPLES

• Increasing the amplitude or the frequency of the


modulating signal will not cause overmodulation or
distortion.

• Increasing the modulating signal amplitude increases


the frequency deviation which in turn increases the
modulation index and produces more significant
sidebands and a wider bandwidth.
• In Television broadcasting, the maximum deviation
permitted is 25 kHz, and the maximum modulating
frequency is 15 kHz. The deviation ratio is 1.6666.

• In Standard two-way mobile radio communications


using FM, the maximum permitted deviation is usually 5
kHz. The upper modulating frequency is usually limited
to 2.5 kHz high enough for intelligible voice
transmission.

• The deviation ratio is 2.


• In commercial FM broadcasting, the maximum
allowed deviation is 75kHz.

• When maximum deviations are specified, it is


important that the percentage of modulation be held
less than 100%.

• If the deviation is allowed to exceed the maximum, a


greater number of pair of sidebands will be produced
and the signal BW may be excessive causing
undesirable adjacent channel interference.

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