Block Diagram
Block Diagram
reduction techniques
Introduction
• Block diagram is a shorthand, graphical
representation of a physical system, illustrating
the functional relationships among its
components.
OR
• A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial
representation of the cause-and-effect
relationship of a system.
Introduction
• The simplest form of the block diagram is the single block,
with one input and one output.
• The interior of the rectangle representing the block usually
contains a description of or the name of the element, or the
symbol for the mathematical operation to be performed on
the input to yield the output.
• The arrows represent the direction of information or signal
flow.
d
x y
dt
Introduction
• The operations of addition and subtraction have a special
representation.
• The block becomes a small circle, called a summing point,
with the appropriate plus or minus sign associated with the
arrows entering the circle.
• Any number of inputs may enter a summing point.
• The output is the algebraic sum of the inputs.
• Some books put a cross in the circle.
Components of a Block Diagram for
a Linear Time Invariant System
• System components are alternatively called
elements of the system.
• Block diagram has four components:
▫ Signals
▫ System/ block
▫ Summing junction
▫ Pick-off/ Take-off point
• In order to have the same signal or variable be an input to
more than one block or summing point, a takeoff point is
used.
• Distributes the input signal, undiminished, to several
output points.
• This permits the signal to proceed unaltered along several
different paths to several destinations.
Example-1
x n a1 x1 a 2 x 2 a n 1 x n 1
Example-3
• Draw the Block Diagrams of the following equations.
dx1 1
(1) x 2 a1 x1dt
dt b
d 2 x2 dx1
( 2) x3 a1 3 bx1
dt 2 dt
How to Draw the Block Diagram of
an Electric Circuit.
Draw the Block Diagram of the
given Electric Circuit.
Topologies
• We will now examine some common topologies
for interconnecting subsystems and derive the
single transfer function representation for each
of them.
• These common topologies will form the basis for
reducing more complicated systems to a single
block.
CASCADE
• Any finite number of blocks in series may be
algebraically combined by multiplication of
transfer functions.
• That is, n components or blocks with transfer
functions G1 , G2, . . . , Gn, connected in cascade
are equivalent to a single element G with a
transfer function given by
Example
Figure:
a) Cascaded Subsystems.
b) Equivalent Transfer Function.
Figure:
a) Parallel Subsystems.
b) Equivalent Transfer Function.
Figure:
a)Feedback Control System.
b)Simplified Model or Canonical Form.
c) Equivalent Transfer Function.
1 G( s ) H ( s ) 0
Canonical Form of a Feedback Control
System
The system is said to have negative feedback if the sign at the summing
junction is negative and positive feedback if the sign is positive.
B( s )
1. Open loop transfer function G( s ) H ( s )
E( s )
C( s )
G( s )
2. Feed Forward Transfer function E ( s )
C( s ) G( s ) G(s )
3. control ratio R( s ) 1 G( s )H ( s )
B( s ) G( s ) H ( s )
4. feedback ratio
R( s ) 1 G ( s ) H ( s )
E( s ) 1 H (s )
5. error ratio R( s ) 1 G( s )H ( s )
C( s ) G( s )
6. closed loop transfer function R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
7. characteristic equation 1 G( s ) H ( s ) 0
G1 G2 G1G2
G1
G1 G2
G2
Reduction techniques
G G
Reduction techniques
3. Moving a summing point ahead of a block
G G
1
G
G G
G G
Reduction techniques
6. Eliminating a feedback loop
G
G
1 GH
H
G
G
1 G
H 1
A B B A
Block Diagram Transformation Theorems
K
s 1
Example-5: Continue
K
s 1
K
G
s 1
1 GH K
1 s
s 1
Example-5: Continue
B( s )
1. Open loop transfer function G( s ) H ( s )
E( s )
C( s )
G( s )
2. Feed Forward Transfer function
E( s )
C( s ) G( s ) G(s )
3. control ratio R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
B( s ) G( s ) H ( s )
4. feedback ratio R( s ) 1 G( s )H ( s )
E( s ) 1 H (s )
5. error ratio R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
C( s ) G( s )
6. closed loop transfer function R( s ) 1 G( s ) H ( s )
7. characteristic equation1 G( s ) H ( s ) 0
H2
R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+
H1
Example-10:
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+
H1
Example-10:
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+
H1
Example-10:
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+
H1
Example-10:
H2
G1
R _ G1G2 C
+_ + G3
1 G1G2 H1
Example-10:
H2
G1
R _ G1G2G3 C
+_ +
1 G1G2 H1
Example-10:
R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1 G1G2 H1 G2G3 H 2
Example-10:
R G1G2G3 C
1 G1G2 H1 G2G3 H 2 G1G2G3
Example 11: Find the transfer function of the following
block diagrams.
R (s ) Y (s )
G1 G2
H1 H2
H3
Solution:
1. Eliminate loop I
R (s ) I Y (s )
A B
G1 G2
H1 H2
H3
2. Moving pickoff point A behind blockG2
1 G2 H 2
R (s ) A G2 B
Y (s )
G1
1 G2 H 2
1 G2 H 2 II
H1 1 G2 H 2
G2 H 3 H1 ( )
G2
H3 Not a feedback loop
3. Eliminate loop II
R (s ) G1G2 Y (s )
1 G2 H 2
H 1 (1 G2 H 2 )
H3
G2
Y (s) G1G2
R( s ) 1 G2 H 2 G1G2 H 3 G1 H1 G1G2 H1 H 2
Superposition of Multiple Inputs
Multiple Input System. Determine the output C due to
inputs R and U using the Superposition Method.
Continue.
Continue.
Example-12: Multiple-Input System. Determine the
output C due to inputs R, U1 and U2 using the
Superposition Method.
Example-12: Continue.
Example-12: Continue.
Example-13: Multi-Input Multi-Output System. Determine
C1 and C2 due to R1 and R2.
Example-13: Continue.
Example-13: Continue.
When R1 = 0,
When R2 = 0,
Skill Assessment Exercise:
Answer of Skill Assessment Exercise: