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Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems: Jooned Hendrarsakti

The document discusses three-dimensional coordinate systems including Cartesian (x,y,z), cylindrical (r,θ,z), and spherical (r,θ,φ) coordinates. It also covers vectors, dot and cross products, lines and planes in 3D space, quadric surfaces such as cylinders and spheres, and applications of quadric surfaces including the Earth and parabolic antennas.

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waridho Iskandar
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34 views30 pages

Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems: Jooned Hendrarsakti

The document discusses three-dimensional coordinate systems including Cartesian (x,y,z), cylindrical (r,θ,z), and spherical (r,θ,φ) coordinates. It also covers vectors, dot and cross products, lines and planes in 3D space, quadric surfaces such as cylinders and spheres, and applications of quadric surfaces including the Earth and parabolic antennas.

Uploaded by

waridho Iskandar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

Jooned Hendrarsakti
12.1 Macam Koordinate
• Cartesian (x, y, z), Cylindrical (r,q,z), dan Spherical (r, q, f)
• Plane (x-y plane, x-z plane, etc) membagi menjadi 8
ruang/octant
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
• Jarak antara 2 titik di 3D space

• Persamaan bola di 3D
12.2 Vector
• Vector memiliki arah dan besaran
• Dua vector u dan v adalah sama bila arah dan besaran identik,
walaupun lokasi berbeda
• Combinasi Vector

• Hukum Paralelogram
U+v=v+u
Operasi Vector
• Perkalian dengan skalar • Pengurangan vektor u – v = u + (-v)
Komponen Vector
• a = a1, a2 atau
a = a1, a2, a3
Properti dari Vector
• Bila a dan b adalah vektor, c dan d adalah skalar, maka

• vector i, j dan k
Contoh:
1, –2, 6 = i – 2j + 6k
Komponen Vector
• Unit vektor: a vector whose length is 1. For instance: i, j, and k
are all unit vectors. In general, if a  0, then the unit vector
that has the same direction as a is
Aplikasi Vector
• Gaya
Perkalian Vector
• Dot Product
Perkalian Vector
• Vector a tegak lurus atau ortogonal dengan
vector b bila q = p/2 sehingga
a . b = 0 karena cos p/2 = 0
• The dot product a  b is positive if a and b
point in the same general direction, 0 if
they are perpendicular, and negative if
they point in generally opposite directions
• If a and b point in exactly opposite
directions, then  =  and so cos  = –1 and
a  b = –| a | | b |.
Arah sudut dan cosinus

cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1


Projection (vector and scalar projection)
Cross Product
Cross Product
Scalar Triple Product

The area of the base parallelogram is A = | b  c |.


V = Ah = | b  c || a || cos  | = | a  (b  c) |
Vector Triple Product
• x
Contoh Aplikasi Cross Product
• Torque:  (relative to the origin) is defined to be the cross
product of the position and force vectors ( = r  F)
Persamaan Garis
• Pers. garis 2D atau 3D ditentukan oleh titik asal dan arah
• Pers. Bidang ditentukan oleh titik asal dalam 3D dan arah
vector
• These equations are called parametric equations of the
line L through the point P0(x0, y0, z0) and parallel to the
vector v = a, b, c
Persamaan Garis
• Bentuk lain dari pers. Garis
Persamaan Bidang
• Let P(x, y, z) be an arbitrary point in the plane, and let
r0 and r be the position vectors of P0 and P.
• Then the vector r – r0 is
represented by
Planes
• The normal vector n is orthogonal to every vector in the given plane. In
particular, n is orthogonal to r – r0 and so we have

• which can be rewritten as

• Either Equation 5 or Equation 6 is called a vector equation of the plane.


Planes
• To obtain a scalar equation for the plane, we write
n = a, b, c, r = x, y, z, and r0 = x0, y0, z0.

Then the vector equation (5) becomes


a, b, c • x – x0, y – y0, z – z0 = 0
or

• Equation 7 is the scalar equation of the plane through P0(x0, y0, z0) with
normal vector n = a, b, c. where d = –(ax0 + by0 + cz0).
Planes
• Two planes are parallel if their normal vectors are parallel.

• For instance, the planes x + 2y – 3z = 4 and


2x + 4y – 6z = 3 are parallel because their normal vectors are n1 = 1, 2, –3 and n2 =
2, 4, –6 and n2 = 2n1.

• If two planes are not parallel,


then they intersect in a straight
line and the angle between the
two planes is defined as the
acute angle between their
normal vectors (see angle  Figure 9

in Figure 9).
Permukaan Cylinder and Quadratic
• A cylinder is a surface that consists of all lines
(called rulings) that are parallel to a given line and pass
through a given plane curve.
• Graph of the surface z = x2.
Quadric Surfaces
• A quadric surface is the graph of a second-degree equation in three
variables x, y, and z. The most general such equation is

• Where A,B,C,…, J are constants, but by translation and rotation it


can be brought into one of the two standard forms
• Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + J = 0 or Ax2 + By2 + Iz = 0

• Quadric surfaces are the counterparts in three dimensions of the


conic sections in the plane.
Quadric Surfaces
• Table 1 shows
computer-drawn
graphs of the six
basic types of
quadric surfaces
in standard form.

Graphs of quadric surfaces


Table 1
Applications of Quadric Surfaces
• Examples of quadric surfaces can be found in the world around us. In
fact, the world itself is a good example.

• Although the earth is commonly modeled as a sphere, a more accurate


model is an ellipsoid because the earth’s rotation has caused a
flattening at the poles.

• Circular paraboloids, obtained by rotating a parabola about its axis, are


used to collect and reflect light, sound, and radio and television signals.
Applications of Quadric Surfaces
• In a radio telescope, for instance, signals from distant stars that strike the
bowl are all reflected to the receiver at the focus and are therefore amplified.

• The same principle applies to microphones and satellite dishes in the shape
of paraboloids.

• Cooling towers for nuclear reactors are usually designed in the shape of
hyperboloids of one sheet for reasons of structural stability.

• Pairs of hyperboloids are used to transmit rotational motion between skew


axes.

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