Lecture 01 - Roadmap

• Introduction
• Course Objectives, Outline and Grading Policies
• What is the Internet?
• Nuts and Bolts View
• Service Oriented View
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Circuit Switched Networks
• Packet Switched Networks
• Datagram
• Virtual Circuits
• Network Access and Physical Media

1
Course Objectives

 To understand the design philosophy of the Internet and its basic
architectural components.
 To provide in-depth knowledge of major Internet technologies.
 To understand the components of Internet service provider and its role
in Internet architecture.
 To strengthen the concepts of TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
 To provide comprehensive knowledge and implementation of routing
protocols.
 To realize the need of Quality of Service based communication and to
understand various QoS techniques.
 To introduce the basic concepts of real time communications.

2
What is the Internet?

• A Nuts and Bolts Description

• End systems
• Communication Links, Bandwidth
• Routers, Packet
• ISPs
• Protocols, TCP/IP
• Internet Standards, RFCs
• A service Description
• Distributed Applications
• Connection Oriented Reliable Service
• Connectionless Unreliable Service
• What is a protocol?

3
Describing the Internet

• Two ways to describe the Internet

• Nuts and Bolts View
• The basic hardware and software components
• Service Oriented View
• The networking infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications

4
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet

• Hosts or End Systems

• Computing Devices such as PCs, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), TVs,
servers, mobile computers, automobiles, etc. connected to the Internet are
called hosts or end systems.

5
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Communication links
• End systems are connected together by communication links.
• Communication links are made up of different types of media, including
twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, and radio spectrum.
• Bandwidth
• Different links can transmit data at different rates.
• The link transmission rate is often called the bandwidth (i.e, the width of the
band) of the link which is measured in bits per second (bps).

6
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Routers
• End systems are not directly connected to each other via a single
communication link.
• They are indirectly connected to each through intermediate switching
devices known as routers.
• A router receives chunk of information from one of its incoming
communication link and forwards it to one of its outgoing communication
link.

7
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Packets
• The chunk of information is called packet.
• Route or Path
• The path that the packet takes from the sending end system, through a series
of communication links and routers, to the receiving end system is known as
a route or path.
• Packet switching
• The Internet uses a technique known as packet switching that allows multiple
communicating end systems to share a path, or parts of path at the same
time.

8
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

• End systems access the Internet through the Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
• The different ISPs provide a variety of different types of network access to
the end systems, including 56Kbps dial up modem access, cable modem or
DSL, high speed LAN access, and wireless access.

9
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Protocols
• End systems, routers, and other pieces of the Internet, run protocols that
control the sending and receiving of information within the Internet.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet protocol) are two of the
most important protocols in the Internet.
• The Internet’s principal protocols are collectively known as TCP/IP Protocol
Suite.

10
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Intranets
• There are many private networks, such as many corporate and government
networks, whose hosts cannot exchange messages with hosts outside of the
private network (unless the messages pass through so-called firewalls, which
restrict the flow of messages to and from the network).
• These private networks are often referred to as intranets, as they use the
same types of hosts, routers, links, and protocols as the public Internet.

11
Nuts and Bolts View of the Internet…

• Internet Standards
• At the technical and development level, the Internet is made possible
through creation, testing, and implementation of Internet Standards.
• These standards are developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• RFCs
• The IETF standards documents are called RFCs (Request for comments).
• RFCs started out as general request for comments (hence the name) to
resolve architecture problems of the Internet.
• They define protocols such as TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP.

12
Some Pieces of the Internet

router workstation
server
mobile
local ISP

regional ISP

company
network
13
Service Oriented View of the Internet

• Distributed Applications
• Communication Services
• Connection oriented reliable service
• Connectionless unreliable service

• Distributed Applications
• The Internet allows distributed applications running on its end systems to
exchange data with each other.
• These applications include remote login, electronic mail, web surfing, instant
messaging, audio and video streaming, Internet telephony, distributed
games, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing, and much more.

14
 Service Oriented View of the Internet…

• Internet Provides two services to its distributed applications:

• Connection Oriented Reliable Service
• It guarantees that data transmitted from a sender to a receiver will eventually be
delivered to the receiver in order and in its entirety.
• Connectionless Unreliable Service
• It does not make any guarantees about eventual delivery.
• Note: Distributed applications makes use of one or the other (but not both) of
these two services.
• Thus, Internet is an infrastructure in which new applications are being
constantly invented and deployed.

15
What is a Protocol?

• A Human Analogy
• “Assalam u Alaikum”
• “What’s the time?”
• In human protocols specific messages are sent, and specific actions are taken in
response to messages received, or other events.
• Network protocols
• All activity in the Internet that involves two or more communicating remote
entities is governed by a protocol.

16
What is a protocol?

A human protocol and a computer network protocol

Hi TCP connection
req
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

2:00
<file>
time

17
What is a Protocol?…

• A Protocol is a set of rules and regulations that governs the exchange of

information between two or more entities.
• It takes two (or more) communicating entities running the same protocol
in order to accomplish a task.
• All communication activity in Internet governed by protocols.
• A protocol defines the format, order of messages exchanged between
two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the
transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event.

18
Net Surfing

• Some Good Hyperlinks:

• http://www.ietf.org
• http://www.iab.org
• http://www.w3.org
• http://www.ieee.org
• http://www.acm.org
• http://www.acm.org/sigcomm
• http://www.computer.org
• http://www.comsoc.org

19
A closer look at network structure

• Network Edge:
• applications and hosts
• Network Core:
• routers
• network of networks
• Access networks, physical media:
• Residential, company and mobile access
• Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optics, Radio Channels
• communication links

20
Network Edge

• end systems (hosts):

• run application programs
• e.g. Web, email
• at “edge of network”
• client/server model
• client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
• e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
• peer-peer model:
• minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
• e.g. Gnutella, KaZaA

21
Network Edge

• End Systems, Clients and Servers

• In Computer Networking, computers connected to the Internet are referred
to as End Systems, as they sit at the edge of the Internet.
• End Systems = Hosts
• Hosts are subdivided into two categories: Client and Servers
• Client/Server Applications
• A client program is a program running on one end system that requests and
receives a service from a server program running on another end system.
• Client/Server Internet applications are, by definition, distributed applications.

22
Network Edge

• Peer to Peer Applications

• In peer to peer application, the program running in a peer (user’s machine)
acts as a client when it requests a file from another peer; and the program
acts as a server when it sends a file to another peer.
• Examples are peer-to-peer file sharing applications like Napster, KaZaA etc.

23
Network Edge –
Connection Oriented Services
• Connection Oriented Service
• Reliable Data Transfer
• Using acknowledgements and retransmissions
• Flow Control
• sender won’t overwhelm receiver
• Congestion Control
• senders “slow down sending rate” when network congested
• TCP
• Applications using TCP are:
• HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)

24
Network Edge –
Connectionless Services
• Connectionless Service
• Unreliable Data Transfer
• no flow control
• no congestion control
• Fast
• connectionless
• UDP
• Applications using UDP are:
• multimedia, videoconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony

25
TCP vs. UDP

• Reliable Protocol • Unreliable Protocol

• Connection Oriented • Connectionless
• Performs three ways handshake • Much faster than TCP
• Provision for error detection and • No acknowledgement waits
retransmission • No proper sequencing of data
• Most applications use TCP for units
reliable and guaranteed • Suitable for applications where
transmission speed matters more than
reliability

26
The Network Core

• Mesh of interconnected Routers

• The fundamental question: how is

data transferred through net?

• circuit switching
• dedicated circuit per call: telephone net
• packet-switching
• data sent through net in discrete
“chunks”

27
Network Core –
Concept of Switched Networks
• Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of
switched nodes
• Nodes not concerned with content of data
• End devices are stations
• Computer, terminal, phone, etc.
• A collection of nodes and connections is a communications network
• Data routed by being switched from node to node
• Node to node links usually multiplexed

28
Simple Switched Network

29
Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-to-end resources
reserved for “call”
• link bandwidth, switch capacity
• dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
• call setup required

30
Network Core – Circuit Switching

• Switched circuits allow data connections that can be initiated when

needed and terminated when communication is complete
• Circuit switched network - a network in which a dedicated circuit is
established between sender and receiver and all data passes over
this circuit.
• The telephone system is a common example.
• The connection is dedicated until one party or another terminates
the connection.

31
Circuit Switching

32
Network Core – Circuit Switching

• Dedicated communication path between two stations

• Three phases (Establish, Transfer, Disconnect)
• Inefficient (for data traffic)
• Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection
• Much of the time a data connection is idle
• If no data, capacity wasted
• Set up (connection) takes time
• Once connected, transfer is transparent
• Circuit switching designed for voice
• Constant Data rate
• Both ends must operate at the same rate

33
Network Core - Circuit Switching

• Multiplexing in Circuit Switched Networks

• Multiplexing is a technique, in which a single transmission medium is being
shared among multiple users.
• Types of Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM
• Time Division Multiplexing TDM

34
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

Example: 4 users

FDM

Frequency

time
TDM

Frequency

time
35
Synchronous TDM

36
Synchronous TDM with empty time slots

37
Statistical TDM or Asynchronous TDM

38
Network Core: Packet Switching

• Packet switched network

• A network in which data is transmitted in the form of packets
• Multiple users share network resources
• No dedicated bandwidth is allocated
• No resources are reserved, resources used as needed
• Each packet uses full link bandwidth
• Good for bursty traffic, simpler, no call setup
• Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible
• Packets are accepted even when network is busy, which causes the delivery
to slow down

39
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

10 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern  statistical
multiplexing.

40
Network Core: Packet Switching

• The goal of packet switching is to move packets through routers

from source to destination
• Packets sent one at a time to the network
• Two approaches are used:
• Datagram Approach
• Virtual Circuits Approach

41
Packet Switching - Datagram

• Datagram Approach:
• Each packet is treated independently
• No reference to packets that have gone before
• Each node chooses next node on path using destination address
• Packets with same destination address may not follow same route
• Packets may arrive out of sequence, may be lost
• It is up to receiver to re-order packets and recover from lost packets
• No Call setup
• For an exchange of a few packets, datagram quicker
• Analogy: driving, asking directions

42
Packet Switching - Datagram

• The Internet is a Datagram network

• Datagram network is not either connection-oriented or
connectionless.
• Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and
connectionless services (UDP) to applications.

43
Packet Switching - Datagram

44
IT-5302-3 Internet Architecture and Protocols, PUCIT,
University of the Punjab, Pakistan 45
Packet Switching – Virtual Circuits

• Virtual Circuit Approach:

• Virtual circuit packet switched network create a logical path through the
subnet
• Call request and call accept packets establish a virtual connection
• Virtual route remains fixed through the call.
• All packets from one connection follow this path.
• Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination
address to determines the next hop
• Not a dedicated path
• No routing decisions required for each packet

46
Switching Technique –
Virtual Circuit
• Preplanned route established before packets sent
• All packets follow same route
• Similar to circuit in circuit-switching network
• Hence virtual circuit
• Each packet has virtual circuit identifier
• Nodes on route know where to direct packets
• No routing decisions
• Not dedicated path, as in circuit switching
• Packet still buffered at node and queued for output
• Routing decision made on before that virtual circuit
• Network may provide services related to virtual circuit
• Sequencing and error control
• Packets should transit more rapidly
• If node fails, all virtual circuits through node lost

47
IT-5302-3 Internet Architecture and Protocols, PUCIT,
University of the Punjab, Pakistan 48
Virtual Circuits vs. Datagram

• Network can provide sequencing • No call setup phase

and error control • Better if few packets
• Packets are forwarded more • More flexible
quickly • Routing can be used to avoid
• No routing decisions to make congested parts of the network
• Less reliable • More reliable
• Loss of a node looses all circuits • If a node fails, packets may find an
through that node alternate route that bypass that
node
• Less Node Delay
• More Node Delay

49
Circuit Switching vs. Virtual Circuits

• Path • Route
• A dedicated path is established • No dedicated path is established.
between two devices for the Only a route is defined. Each
duration of session. switch creates an entry in its
• Reserved Resources routing table for the duration of
virtual circuit
• The link (multiplexed / not
multiplexed) that makes the path • Shared Links
are dedicated, and cannot be • The link that makes a route can
used by other connections be shard by other connections
• constant data rates.

50
Features of Circuit and Packet Switching

Feature Circuit Packet Switching

Switching
Data sent as packets? No Yes
Packets follow same route? N/A Yes (VC), No (Datagram)
Resources reserved in network? Yes No
Data send can have variable latency No Yes
(response time)
Connection made? Yes VC: Yes, Datagram: No
State info stored at network nodes? N/A VC: Yes, Datagram: No
Addressing info needed? only when call VC: virtual circuit
is set up number 
Datagram: destination
Address

51
Network Taxonomy

Telecommunication
networks

Circuit-switched Packet-switched
networks networks

FDM Networks Datagram

TDM
with VCs Networks

52
Network Access

• Network Access:
• The physical link that connects an end system to its Edge Router, which is
the first router on a path from the end system to any other distant end
system.
• Classification of Network Access:
• Residential Access
• Connecting a home end system to an edge router
• Dial-up modems, DSL, HFC system
• Company Access
• Switched Ethernet LANs
• Mobile Access
• Wireless LAN (802.11b)
• Wide Area Wireless Access Networks (GPRS, 3G, WAP)
• Note: these categories are not hard and fast

53
Physical Media

• Twisted Pair Cable

• UTP Cat 5
• Coaxial Cable
• Baseband and Broadband Cable
• Fiber Optics
• Multimode and single mode
• Terrestrial Radio Channels
• Local Area Radio Channels (Wireless LANs)
• Wide Area Radio Channels (WAP, I-mode, 3G)
• Satellite Radio Channels
• Geostationary Satellites (36000 km)
• Low Altitude Satellites

54
Internet Addressing Schemes

• IP Addressing Scheme
• Dotted decimal Notation, Use hierarchal Address Space
• IPv4 and IPv6
• MAC addresses
• 48 bits Unique addresses, Use flat Address Space
• IEEE assigned vendor ID (first 24 bits)
• Vendor serial numbers (last 24 bits)
• Why two addressing mechanisms are used?
• Significance of using a MAC address
• Communication over a LAN
• Identifying Destination Network
• Extracting destination network address from destination IP address.

55