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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6 Edition Computer Evolution and Performance

This chapter discusses the evolution of computer architecture from the 1940s to present day. It describes John von Neumann's stored-program concept and the von Neumann machine model that became the standard for modern computers. The chapter then covers the development of early computers like the IAS and IBM 700/7000 series, the transition to transistor-based machines, and improvements in integration that increased performance and capacity over generations. Moore's Law and techniques for addressing the processor-memory performance gap are also summarized.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views24 pages

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6 Edition Computer Evolution and Performance

This chapter discusses the evolution of computer architecture from the 1940s to present day. It describes John von Neumann's stored-program concept and the von Neumann machine model that became the standard for modern computers. The chapter then covers the development of early computers like the IAS and IBM 700/7000 series, the transition to transistor-based machines, and improvements in integration that increased performance and capacity over generations. Moore's Law and techniques for addressing the processor-memory performance gap are also summarized.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
6th Edition

Chapter 2
Computer Evolution and
Performance
Von Neumann Machines

John von Neumann in the 1940s


Von Neumann Machines
• An example of computer architecture and
organization. Used by modern computer as a
reference.
• Von Neumann machines is a computer’s
category based on von Neumann architecture
(stored-program concept).

—Data and program can be stored in the same space


(memory).
—Thus, the machines it self can alter either its
programs or its internal data.
Von Neumann Machines (cont.)
• Von Neumann machine must have:
 A main memory, which stores both data and
instructions.
 An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of
operating on binary data.
 A control unit, which interprets the instructions in
memory and causes them to be executed.
 Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the
control unit.
 Control unit interpreting instructions from memory
and executing
Structure of von Neumann machine
IAS (Institute for Advanced Studies)
• 1000 x 40 bit words
—Binary number
—2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
—Memory Buffer Register
—Memory Address Register
—Instruction Register
—Instruction Buffer Register
—Program Counter
—Accumulator
Structure of IAS –
detail
IBM

• Punched-card processing equipment


• 1953 - the 701
—IBM’s first stored program computer
—Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the 702
—Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC - 1957
—Produced PDP-1
Generations of Computer
• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
—Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971
—100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971-1977
—3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
—100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration
—Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Moore’s Law

• Increased density of components on chip


• Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
• Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
• Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
— Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
• Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths,
giving higher performance
• Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• Reduced power and cooling requirements
• Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
Bus Structure

Main Memory I/O I/O


Console CPU Module Module
Controller

OMNIBUS
Intel
• 1971 - 4004
—First microprocessor
—All CPU components on a single chip
—4 bit
• Followed in 1972 by 8008
—8 bit
—Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
—Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Speeding it up
• Pipelining
• On board cache
• On board L1 & L2 cache
• Branch prediction
• Data flow analysis
• Speculative execution
Performance Mismatch
• Processor speed increased
• Memory capacity increased
• Memory speed lags behind processor speed
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
Trends in DRAM use
Solutions
• Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
—Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
• Change DRAM interface
—Cache
• Reduce frequency of memory access
—More complex cache and cache on chip
• Increase interconnection bandwidth
—High speed buses
—Hierarchy of buses
Pentium Evolution (1)
• 8080
— first general purpose microprocessor
— 8 bit data path
— Used in first personal computer – Altair
• 8086
— much more powerful
— 16 bit
— instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
— 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
• 80286
— 16 Mbyte memory addressable
— up from 1Mb
• 80386
— 32 bit
— Support for multitasking
Pentium Evolution (2)
• 80486
—sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
pipelining
—built in maths co-processor
• Pentium
—Superscalar
—Multiple instructions executed in parallel
• Pentium Pro
—Increased superscalar organization
—Aggressive register renaming
—branch prediction
—data flow analysis
—speculative execution
Pentium Evolution (3)
• Pentium II
—MMX technology
—graphics, video & audio processing
• Pentium III
—Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
• Pentium 4
—Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
—Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
• Itanium
—64 bit
—see chapter 15
• See Intel web pages for detailed information on
processors
Internet Resources
• http://www.intel.com/
—Search for the Intel Museum
• http://www.ibm.com
• http://www.dec.com
• Charles Babbage Institute
• PowerPC
• Intel Developer Home

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