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Lecture Three: Chapters Two and Three

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33 views33 pages

Lecture Three: Chapters Two and Three

Uploaded by

Sudhir Goswami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture Three

Chapters Two and three


Photo slides from Digital Image Processing, Gonzalez and Woods, Copyright 2002
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Functional Represenation of
Images
• Two-D function f(x,y), (x,y) pixel position. Postive and
bounded
• Written as f(x,y)=i(x,y)r(x,y), i(x,y) illumination from light
source, r(x,y) reflectance (bounded between 0 and 1)
based on material properties. E.g r(x,y)=0.01 for black
velvet, r(x,y) = 0.93 for snow.
• Intensity of monochrome image f(x,y) is synonymous
with grey levels. By convention grey level are from 0 to
L-1.
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Spatial and Gray Level Resolution
• Spatial resolution is the smallest level of detail
discernable in an image. Number of line pairs per
millimeter, say 100 line pairs per millimeter.
• Gray-level resolution is the smallest discernable change
in gray level. Very subjective.
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Adjacency and Connectivity
• Adjacency- Two pixels p and q are adjacent if q is in
N(p) where N(p) is the neighborhood of p and they
have closely related pixel values. Three common
definitions of neighborhood are
(1) 4-adjacency. If p=(x,y), values are similar, but q is
either (x-1,y),(x+1,y),(x,y-1),(x,y+1)
(2) 8-adjacency. It is possible for q to be one of the
diagonal points (x-1,y-1),(x-1,y+1),(x+1,y-1),(x+1,x+1).
(3) m-adjacency. Either q is 4-adjacent to p, or q is a
diagonal point and the intersection of the four
neighborhood of p and that of q have no similar pixel
values.
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals
Adjacency ,More Formally
Choose a set of gray values V. If f(p) and
f(q) are in V, and q is in the right kind of
neighborhood of p, then p and q are
adjacent.
I can model this relationship using 0-1
images, why??
Chapter Three
Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Find gray level transfomration function T(r) to obtain

g(x,y) =T(f(x,y)) processed image from input image.

Reasons
1. Contrast enhancement
2. Visual improvement
3. Image understanding
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Negatives
Here
T(r) = L-1-r L-1 maximum gray level

Produces photographic negative. Some


details are easier to spot if we go from
black and white to white and black.
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Mammogram
Notice that the white or gray detail in the
dark region is more visible in the negative.

This shows a small lesion.


Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Log Transformation
T(r) = c log(1+s)

Inverse Log

T(r) = exp(r/c)-1

For the next picture, c=1. Used to display Fourier spectra.


Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Power Law or Gamma
Transformations
This the gamma
correction

T (r )  cr

T (r )  c(r   )
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
CRT Example
CRT devices have intensity to
value response functions that
are power functions.

They vary in exponents from 1.8


to 2.5.

A logical transformation is

T (r )  r 1 / 2.5
r 0 .4
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
MRI of Fractured Spine

Transformation is
With gamma =
0.6,0.4,0.3
T (r )  r
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the
Spatial Domain

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