MEASUREMENT & INTRUMENTATION

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

“ AC INDICATING METERS ”

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS:
• A moving coil permanent magnet type instrument along with some rectifier
arrangement may be used for measurement of audio-frequency alternating
currents or voltages.
• Deflection of d’Arsonval movement is function of average current flowing through
coil and direction of current flow.
• When positive half cycle passes through d’Arsonval meter movement, Pointer
swing upscale.
• During negative half cycle pointer is driven against the stop at lower end of scale.
• This is because direction of deflection torque changes with direction of current
flow.
• As frequency of driving waveform is incresased,pointer swing eventually decreases
in amplitude.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS…
To use d’Arsonval meter movement as AC instrument meter current should pass
through meter in one direction and produce upscale deflection.
Rectifier:
A device, such as a diode, that converts alternating current to direct current.
Half Wave Rectifier:
• Uses ability of silicon diode to conduct current while forward biased and to inhibit
current while reverse biased.
• Diode allows current to flow only during positive half cycle.
• Because there is a 0.7V voltage loss across the diode, the peak output voltage will
be 0.7V less than Vs.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

•RECTIFIER
  INSTRUMENTS…
Half Wave Rectifier…
• Dc meter movement responds to average value of current passing through it.
• For sine wave input voltage, average value of resultant half wave rectified voltage
is

• Ac voltmeter is not as sensitive as DC voltmeter.

• This circuit is designed to give full scale deflection in terms of given RMS voltage
instead of DC voltage.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS…
Half Wave Rectifier Limitation:
• If meter is to read RMS volts, meter scale must be calibrated for waveform that is
being measured.
• Loading effect of half wave rectifier meter circuit is different for positive and
negative half cycles.
• Rectifier diode voltage drop causes scale to somewhat nonlinear if meter is
intended to measure low AC voltage.
• Any DC component present causes error in AC reading.
• Diode capacitance tends to bypass portion of AC signal, creating error component
that increases with frequency.
• Significant error may occur when ambient temperature differ from temperature at
which meter is calibrated.as rectifier characteristic tends to sensitive to
temperature.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS…
Improved Version Half Wave Rectifier:
• Diode D2 serves to keep reverse voltage across D1 to about 0.7V.
• Thus minimizes any reverse leakage current through D 1
• This circuit provides more constant meter loading effect for both half cycles of
applied AC voltage.
• While R2 improves linearity of meter on low end of meter scale, it nevertheless
reduces meter AC sensitivity.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS…
Full Wave Rectifier:
• It converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output.
• Converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a
higher mean output voltage. 

Full Wave bridge Rectifier:

•  Since the signal passes through two diodes, the voltage out will be lower by two
diode drops, or 1.2 Volts.
• Produces twice as much average meter current as half wave rectifier does.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER INSTRUMENTS…
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier…
• Requires less meter damping.
• Lower meter sensitivity.
• Increased nonlinearity at low level of applied voltage, as two diodes are present in
series with meter movement.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

RECTIFIER AC VOLTMETERS FOR MEASURING
VOLTAGES BELOW 1VOLT…
• Simple meter rectifier can’t measure small AC voltage accurately due to diode
voltage drop which is typically 0.7V.
• This problem can be overcome in two ways:
Voltage being measured can first be amplified to a level where diode drop
is no longer significant factor.
Rectifier can be used as part of feedback loop in operational amplifier
circuit forming a precision rectifier.
Precision Rectifier:
•  Also called super diode.
• Is a configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit
behaving like an ideal diode and rectifier
•  It can be useful for high-precision signal processing.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

METER CORRECTION FOR DIFFERENT
WAVEFORMS:
• For AC meters, meter scale generally calibrated to read RMS value of waveform
rather than its average value.
• This calibration is based on assumption that measured quantity is sine wave.
• When rectifier AC meters are used to measure voltage or current of signal having
waveform other than sine wave, meter reading will be in error.
• Following table gives RMS value and form factors for waveforms commonly
encountered in electrical measurements.
• To determine correct RMS value of particular waveform based upon reading taken
from AC meter reading by factor given in last column of table.
• These values are found by taking form factor of waveform being measured and
dividing it by form factor.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

Waveform RMS value Form Factor Multiply AC meter
reading by to obtain
correct RMS value
0.707Vp 1.111 1.0
0.707Vp 1.111 1.0
0.5Vp 1.571 1.414
0.5Vp 1.571 1.414
0.707Vp 1.111 1.0
0.707Vp 1.111 1.0
0.5Vp 1.0 0.9
0.5Vp 1.0 0.9
0.707Vp 1.414 1.273

D=1/T 0.707Vp 1.414 1.273

0.9/

D=1/T 0.577Vp 1.154 1.039

0.577Vp
0.577Vp 1.154
1.154 1.039
1.039

0.577Vp 1.154 1.039

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

IRON VANE METER:
• Can be used to measure both AC current and voltage.
• By changing the meter scale calibration, the movement can be used to measure DC
current and voltage.
• It operates on the principle of magnetic repulsion between like poles.
• The measured current flows through a field coil which produces a magnetic field
proportional to the magnitude of current.
• Suspended in this field are two iron vanes attached to a pointer.
• The two iron vanes consist of one fixed and one moveable vane.  

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

IRON VANE METER…
• The magnetic field produced by the current flow magnetizes the two iron vanes
with the same polarity regardless of the direction of current through the coil.  
• Since like poles repel one another, the moving iron vane pulls away from the fixed
vane and moves the meter pointer.
• This motion exerts a force against a spring.  
• The distance the moving iron vane will travel against the spring depends on
strength of the magnetic field.  The strength of the magnetic field depends on the
magnitude of current flow.
• When iron vane meter is used in voltmeter, coil is composed of several turns of
fine wire.
• When used in ammeter coil is usually wounded with fewer turns of larger wire.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

THERMOCOUPLE METER:
• Thermocouples rely on this See beck effect.
•  See beck effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly
into electricity.
• Junction between two metals generates a voltage which is a function of
temperature.
• The magnitude and direction of the current depends on the temperature
difference between the junctions and the properties of the metals used in the
circuit.
• Although almost any two types of metal can be used to make a thermocouple
• Number of standard types are used because they possess predictable output
voltages and large temperature gradients.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

THERMOCOUPLE METER…
• Meter current passes through resistive element, whose power dissipation heats
small thermocouple.
• Change in voltage generated at thermocouple junction forces small DC current
through PMMC meter movement.
• Current flowing through resistor from A to B causes resistance wire to heat.
• Heat dissipated is transferred to hot junction of thermocouple at E.
• C and D are cold junctions. And form two more thermoelectric generators.

A
Resistive
Element C

Source Cold PMCC

E
Junctions
Hot
Junction
D
B
Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi
THERMOCOUPLE METER…
• These junction are in series with hot junction, they interfere to some extent with
voltage produced by hot junction.
• Heat produced at thermoelectric junction is proportional to square of RMS current
(I2R) so that meter has nonlinear square law response.
• Thermocouple meter is used in measurement of radio frequency current upto
about 50MHz.
• At frequency below 50 MHZ, skin effect become significant factor so its accuracy is
reduced.
Skin effect:
• Is the tendency of AC to become distributed within a conductor such that the
current density is largest near the surface of the conductor
• Decreases with greater depths in the conductor. 

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETERS:
• When capacitor has charge on it, there exists a force between plates that is
proportional to square of voltage between plates.
• Electrostatic voltmeter can be used with AC and DC over wide range of
frequencies.
• Using this principle, electrostatic voltmeters are constructed in one of two forms
Attracted Disk Electrometer
Rotating Plate Electrostatic Voltmeter
Attracted Disk Electrometer:
• A type of electrometer in which the attraction between two oppositely charged
disks is measured.
• Horizontal circular plate is suspended a small distance above fixed plate that has
large area.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETERS…
Attracted Disk Electrometer…
• Concentric with, almost touching and in same plane as moving plate, is annular
guard ring that causes electrostatic line of forces between two plates to be
perpendicular to plates and uniformly distributed over their areas.
• Force of attraction is measured by suspending moveable plate
• Since it consumes no power except during brief time when capacitor plates are in
motion, it represents an infinite impedance to DC.
• Average force is proportional to square of applied RMS voltage
• Hence, making meter independent of shape of applied voltage waveform.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETERS…
Rotating Plate Electrostatic Voltmeter:
• Modern and compact version of electrostatic voltmeter.
• Consists of assembly of two or more semicircular plates similar to variable tuning
capacitor.
• Alternate plates are fixed to frame.
• Intervening plates are mounted on shaft that supports a pointer and is retained by
spiral spring.
• Opposite charges on plates attract and produce a torque in direction which brings
plates closer.
• Pointer rotates until the developed torque is equal to restraining torque of spiral
springs.
• Hence torque is proportional to square of RMS voltage.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER:
• The working principle of a basic electrodynamometer instrument is same as the
PMMC instrument.
• Only difference in this case is that the permanent magnet is replaced with two
fixed coils connected in series.
• Moving coil is also connected in series with the fixed coils.
• Two fixed coils are connected to electromagnets in such a manner that they form
poles of opposite polarity.
• As the moving coil carries current through it and is being placed in the field of fixed
coils, it experience a force due to which the moving coil rotates.
• Direction of this force is independent of the supply voltage as the current flowing
through fixed coils and moving coil is one and the same.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER…
• Since polarities of both electromagnet and moving coil change with direction of
current flow, thus making the torque unidirectional.
• Electrodynamometer type instrument is transfer instrument.
• Transfer instrument:
Instruments which are calibrated with D.C source and used
without any modification for A.C measurement.
Such transfer instruments has same accuracy for A.C and D.C
measurements.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER…
• Electrodynamometer type instruments are often used inaccurate A.C voltmeters
and ammeters, not only at power line frequency but also in lower audio frequency
range.
• With some little modification, it can be used as wattmeter for power
measurements..
• Requires no rectification when used in AC meter circuit.
• Equally suited for both AC and DC measurement.
• In metal parts of instrument eddy current get produced
• Eddy current interact with instrument current to cause change in deflecting torque
to cause error.
• Metal parts should be kept as minimum as possible.
• Resistivity of metal parts used must be high to reduce eddy current.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER…
Advantages:
• As coils are air cored, these instruments are free eddy current losses.
• Have a precision grade accuracy.
• Can be used on both A.C and D.C. They are also used as transfer instruments.
• Electrodynamometer voltmeter are very useful where accurate RMS value of
voltage, irrespective of waveforms are required.
• Low power consumption.
• Light in weight.
Disadvantages:
• They are more expensive than other type of instruments.
• Have non uniform scale.
• Are sensitive to over loads and mechanical impacts. Care must be taken while
handling them.
• Have low sensitivity due to low torque to weight ratio. Also it introduces increased
frication loses. To get accurate results, these errors must be minimized.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETERS:
• Used for measuring the wattage of the single phase electrical circuit.
• Example is Energy Meters
Basic Dynamometer Wattmeter:
• Used for power measurements at frequencies below 400Hz.
• Fixed/current coils are connected in series with load and carry current approx.
equal to load current.
• Moving/potential coil is in series with fixed resistor is connected across power line
and carries small current proportional to line voltage.
• Meter deflection is function of average real power.
• Meter accuracy is independent of wave shape and power factor.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

• The top (horizontal) coil of wire measures load current
• Bottom (vertical) coil measures load voltage.
• Just like the lightweight moving coils of voltmeter movements, the (moving)
voltage coil of a dynamometer is typically connected in series with a range resistor
so that full load voltage is not applied to it.
• Likewise, the (stationary) current coil of a dynamometer may have precision shunt
resistors to divide the load current around it. With custom-built dynamometer
movements, shunt resistors are less likely to be needed because the stationary coil
can be constructed with as heavy of wire as needed without impacting meter
response, unlike the moving coil which must be constructed of lightweight wire for
minimum inertia.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETERS…
Basic Dynamometer Wattmeter…
• It reads directly average power dissipated in load.
• Can be used to measure reactive power as well power factor of load.
• Can also measure active and reactive power if waveforms being measured are not
sinusoidal.
• Used to measure power consumption in D.C circuits.
Advantages:
• Uniform scale
• High degree of accuracy
Disadvantages :
• Errors due to stray field acting on the moving coil
• Serious error due to inductance of pressure coil unless special precautions are
taken to reduce this effect. 

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETERS…
Wattmeter Connections:
• Dynamometer wattmeter has four external connections
Two terminals for voltage.
Two terminals for current.
• Voltage terminals provide connections to moving coil resistor branch.
• Current terminals provide connections to stationary coils.
• Wattmeter can be connected so that voltage coil is placed either before or after
current coil.
• When wattmeter is connected as shown in figure below, voltage branch senses
correct load voltage but current coil senses voltage coil current in addition to load
current.
• This circuit is preferable for those situation with high current low voltage loads

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETERS…
Wattmeter Connections…

• When wattmeter is connected as shown in figure below, current coil senses true
load current but voltage coil senses load voltage plus voltage drop across current
coil.
• This circuit is preferable for low current, high voltage loads.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

•HALL
  EFFECT:
• When a conductor or semiconductor with current flowing in one direction was
introduced perpendicular to a magnetic field a voltage could be measured at right
angles to the current path. 
• The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric fieldto the
product of the current density and the applied magnetic field.
• It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made, since its
value depends on the type, number, and properties of the charge carriers that
constitute the current.
• Magnitude of generated voltage is expressed by

Where,
RH=Hall coefficient
d=thickness of material
B=magnetic field strength
I= current

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

HALL EFFECT WATTMETER:
• With Hall effect phenomena, it is possible to construct wattmeter with no moving
parts other than actual meter movement.
• Schematic sketch of Hall effect wattmeter is shown in figure.
• Hall effect sample is typically a semiconductor material usually Si.
• Load current IL passes through two coils, which are called current coils and are
shown as C.
• These coils set up a magnetic filed Bz.
• Hall effect sample is positioned in this field between coils.
• Voltage VL across load drives a current
• If w is width of sample, measured Hall voltage is

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

Real Power

•The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power,

• It is measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P,)

Apparent Power

• The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power

• It is the product of a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to phase angle.

• Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the

capital letter S.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

Reactive Power

• Reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power

• They drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that
they actually do dissipate power.

• This “phantom power” is called reactive power,

• It is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than

watts.

• The mathematical symbol for reactive power is the capital letter Q.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

Power Triangle

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

Power factor
• Power factor is the ratio between the KW (Kilo-Watts) and the KVA (Kilo-Volt
Amperes) drawn by an electrical load where the KW is the actual load power and
the KVA is the apparent load power.
• It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into useful work
output and more particularly is a good indicator of the effect of the load current on
the efficiency of the supply system.
•  All current flow will causes losses in the supply and distribution system.
• A load with a power factor of 1.0 results in the most efficient loading of the supply
and a load with a power factor of 0.5 will result in much higher losses in the supply
system.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POWER FACTOR METERS:

• Ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit.

• To determine power factor,voltmeter,ammeter and wattmeter can be used to
make simultaneous measurement.
• However using power factor meter in situation where power factor must be
continuously monitored.
• Low power factor lower value of real power consumed.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POLYPHASE POWER MEASUREMENTS:
Polyphase Measurements Using Single Phase Wattmeters:
• Such an instrument is used to measure power in a polyphase (3-phase) system. 
• It operates on the principle that two single phase watt meters are enough to
measure power in 3-phase system (balanced or unbalanced). 
• It is a double element wattmeter consisting of two separate elements mounted
one above the other in one and same case. 
• The moving coils of each unit are rigidly coupled together axially by a rod of
insulating material. 
• In order to avoid mutual interference between the two units, these are
magnetically shielded from each other by placing a nickel iron plate between
them.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POLYPHASE POWER MEASUREMENTS…
Polyphase Measurements Using Single Phase Wattmeters…
• If power factor of load is greater than 0.5,both watt meters read positive and total
power PT is given by
PT=P1+P2
• If power factor is less than 0.5 one of meter gives negative reading,P T is given by
PT=P1-P2
• When power factor is 1(no phase difference) then both watt meters read same
value
P1=P2
• When power factor=0(90◦ phase angle),then
P1=─P2
• When power factor of load is 0.5,one watt meter reads zero and other reads total
power delivered to load.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POLYPHASE POWER MEASUREMENTS…
Polyphase Measurements Using Single Phase Watt meters…

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POLYPHASE POWER MEASUREMENTS…

Blondel’s Theorem:
• In a system of N electrical conductors ,N-1 electrical meter or wattmeter elements,
when properly connected, will measure the electrical power  or energy taken.
• Connection must be such that all potential coils have a common tie to the
conductor in which there is no current coil.

Three Phase Watt meters:

• A poly phase watt meters are constructed by mounting two electrodynamometer
movements on common shaft.
• Torque acting on shaft is sum of two torques produced by individual moving coils.
• It follows Blondel’s theorem.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POLYPHASE POWER MEASUREMENTS…
Three Phase Watt meters…
• In three phase, four wire system, three watt meters are connected as shown in
figure.
• Total power is algebraic sum of three wattmeter reading.
• However if load is balanced one wire(neutral wire) can be eliminated.
• In such case only two watt meters are necessary to measure total power.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POWER FACTOR METERS…
QUADRATURE COIL METER…
• For intermediate phase differences, crossed coils assume corresponding
intermediate position depending upon relative magnitudes of torques produced
by each crossed coils.
• This type of meter doesn't require restoring torque, consequently has no springs.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

POWER FACTOR METERS…
QUADRATURE COIL METER:
• Power factor in single phase circuit are measured by using modified version of
electrodynamometer movement.
• Moving coil consists of two coils mounted in quadrature.
• One coil is in series with resistor and has current that is in phase with load voltage.
• Other coil is in series with inductive load has current that lags load voltage by 90
degree.
• Stationary winding produce magnetic field that is supplied by load current.
• If load current and voltage are in phase, axis of coil A lines up with axis of current
coil.
• If load current lags load voltage by 90 degree, axis of coil B lines up with axis of
current coil.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ENERGY MEASUREMENT-INDUCTION WATT-
HOUR METER:
• Instruments are arranged to indicate energy in terms of watt hours(Wh) or kilowatt
hours(kWh).
• Induction watt hour meter is used for measurement of AC energy at power line
frequencies.
• Induction watt hour meter integrates product of time and power over period
during which power flows and continuously displays result.
• Inductive type watt hour meter with rotating aluminum disc is shown here.
• Moving element is aluminum disk mounted on vertical shaft.
• It is free to rotate between poles of potential and current coils.
• These poles produce resultant flux that sweeps across disk and produces eddy
current in disk.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ENERGY MEASUREMENT-INDUCTION WATT
HOUR METER…
• Eddy currents react with flux and causes disk to rotate.
• Torque produced is proportional to component of current that is in phase with
voltage.
• Torque is also proportional to power.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

ENERGY MEASUREMENT-INDUCTION WATT
HOUR METER…
• Retarding torque is produced by permanent magnet assembly.
• Disk cuts flux of permanent magnet as it rotates.
• This creates additional eddy currents that develop a torque that opposes rotation.
• Magnitude of this torque is proportional to speed of disk.
• Disk turns at a speed where driving torque and retarding torque are equal.
• Driving torque is proportional to power but retarding torque is proportional to
speed.
• To display instantaneous energy value, shaft is coupled through gear train to
mechanical counter with a register calibrated in watt hours or kilowatt hours.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
• Where a voltage or current is too large to be conveniently used by an instrument, it
can be scaled down to a standardized low value.
• It converts currents and voltages of the high voltage lines to values, which are
measurable by meters and protections.
• Instrument transformers isolate measurement, protection and control circuitry
from the high currents or voltages present on the circuits being measured or
controlled.
• Scale of measuring instrument is calibrated to account for step down ratio of
instrument transformer so the resulting display indicates actual value.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS…
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:
• It converts voltages from high to low.
• It takes thousands of volts behind power transmission systems and step the
voltage down to something that meters can handle.
• These transformers work for single and three phase systems, and are attached at a
point where it is convenient to measure the voltage.
•  Used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits.
• They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to
have a precise voltage ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering
and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower potential.
• Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 120 V at rated
primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protective relays.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS…
TYPES OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS…
There are three primary types of voltage transformers(VT)
• Electromagnetic:
Electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire-wound transformer.
• Capacitor:
Capacitor voltage transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at
higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic VT.
• Optical:
Optical voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of optical materials.

Capacitor P.T Electromagnetic P.T

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS…
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER…
• It has low magnetizing current, low core loss current. Low leakage reactance and
very small ratio and phase angle errors.
• Potential transformers are designed for very small secondary load.
• Typical Potential transformer burden might be 200VA or less.
• One side of secondary should be grounded as precaution with large primary
voltages encountered.
• They are available in wide range of shapes, sizes and rating for both indoor and out
door applications.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
• A measurement device designed to provide a current in its secondary coil
proportional to the current flowing in its primary.
• They are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an insulated
cable or an un insulated bus bar) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped
with many turns of wire.
• Typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary.
• The secondary winding can be single ratio or have several tap points to provide a
range of ratios.
• Care must be taken that the secondary winding is not disconnected from its load
while current flows in the primary, as this will produce a dangerously high voltage
across the open secondary and may permanently affect the accuracy of the
transformer.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS…
CURRENT TRANSFORMER…

• Many current transformers have no primary winding of their own.

• They use power circuit conductor passing through a window in current transformer
to act as single turn primary.
• Hand held clamp on ammeter shown below use a variation of this principle.
• Sensitivity of clamp on ammeter may be increased by looping current carrying
conductor through the window a given number of times.

Made By: Engr. Danish Arif Siddiqi