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WAVEGUIDES With Annotations

Cut-off wavelength λc = 2πr/kr = 6.83 cm Guide wavelength λg = λc/√(1-(λ/λc)2) = 3.34 cm Characteristic impedance Zo = 120π/√(1-(λ/λc)2) = 338 ohms The answer is d.

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Dwight Gabriel Gases
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330 views

WAVEGUIDES With Annotations

Cut-off wavelength λc = 2πr/kr = 6.83 cm Guide wavelength λg = λc/√(1-(λ/λc)2) = 3.34 cm Characteristic impedance Zo = 120π/√(1-(λ/λc)2) = 338 ohms The answer is d.

Uploaded by

Dwight Gabriel Gases
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waveguides

A single hollow metallic conductor, either rigid or flexible,


which transfers electromagnetic energy from one point to
another.
General Types of Waveguides

Rectangular

Elliptical

Circular
1. Rectangular

It is the most commonly used,


with oxygen free, high
conductivity copper; it gives a
favorable transmission
channel for microwave
frequency.

It is used for extremely low


VSWR applications to meet
stringent noise performance
specifications.
2. Elliptical
Short sections of flexible elliptical waveguide are used, the
number and lengths of flexible section are minimized; size and
attenuation is similar to standard rectangular waveguides.
3. Circular
Lowest loss and can support
two orthogonal polarization
within the single guide and is
capable of carrying several
frequency bands, but is
practical only for short runs.

A waveguide is capable of
transmitting microwave energy
in a number of different
electric and magnetic field
configurations. The different
positions, or patters of the
fields are called MODES.
Modes

The configuration in which the energy propagates thru a


waveguide.

Depends on the operating frequency and the physical


dimensions of the waveguides.
Two Modes in Waveguides

TE (Transverse Electric, H-mode)

TM (Transverse Magnetic, E-mode)


1. TE (Transverse Electric, H-mode)

The electric field is always


perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.

No component of the electric


field in the direction of
propagation.
2. TM (Transverse Magnetic, E-mode)
The magnetic field is always perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.

No component of the magnetic field in the direction of


propagation.
Types of Modes

Dominant (or Fundamental) Mode

Higher Order Mode


1. Dominant (or Fundamental) Mode

The simplest or lowest order mode in a waveguide the


particular mode in each class is designated.

TE10 (for rectangular waveguide)

TE11 (for circular waveguide)


2. Higher Order Mode

TE11, TE20, TE22

TM11, TM20, TM22... Etc

Higher order modes are not used in practice because of their


high cut off frequencies.
Cut-Off frequency (fcc)

The lowest frequency that will propagate thru a waveguide


while operating in a particular mode. A waveguide is a high-
pass filter.

fc = 1.5x108 √((m / a)2 + (n / b)2)


Cut-Off wavelength (λcc)

λc = 2 / √((m / a)2 + (n / b)2)


The various modes are designated by subscripts m and n. In
the dominant mode, TE10 (m = 1 and n = 0).
Group Velocity (Vgg)

Velocity of the waves as they propagate through the waveguide.

Vg = c x √(1 – (λ / λc)2)
Phase Velocity (Vpp)

Velocity with which the wave changes phase.

Vp = c / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2
Guide Wavelength (λg)

The wavelength of the travelling wave which propagates down


the waveguide.

λg = λ / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2
Sample problem:
A wave is propagated in a parallel plane waveguide. The
frequency is 6 GHz and the plane separation is 3 cm. Find the
cut-off wavelength, the group and phase velocities are
___________

 
Sample problem:
Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with a cross – section
of 5 cm × 3 cm. For this waveguide, the cut off frequency (in
MHz) of TE21 21 mode is ________

 
Characteristic Impedance of the Waveguide

For the TE mode:

Zo = 120π / √(1 – (λ / λc) ) 2

For the TM mode:

Zo = 120π x √(1 – (λ / λc)2)


Sample problem:
A rectangular waveguide measures 3 x 4.5 cm internally and
has a 9 GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate the cut-off
wavelength and characteristic impedance for the TM11 11 mode.

 
Circular Waveguide’s Cut-off wavelength

λc = 2πr / kr
Values of krr for Principal Modes in Circular Waveguides

Transverse Electric Transverse Magnetic

Mode kr Mode kr

TE01 3.83 TM01 2.4

TE11 1.84 TM11 3.83

TE21 3.05 TM21 5.14

TE02 7.02 TM02 5.52

TE12 5.33 TM12 7.02

TE22 6.71 TM22 8.42


Sample problem:

Find cut off wavelength for mode TE11 in a circular


waveguide having radius 2 cm. Assume Kr= 1.841

  𝟐π 𝒓 𝟐 π ( 𝟐 𝒄𝒎 )
𝝀𝒄 = = =𝟔 . 𝟖𝟐 𝒄𝒎
𝒌𝒓 𝟏 . 𝟖𝟒𝟏
Sample problem:
A TE11
11
mode is propagating through circular waveguide. The radius of the
guide is 5 cm and the guide contains air dielectric. Determine (a) cutoff
frequency and cutoff wavelength (b) phase velocity for operating
frequency of 3 GHz.

 
Causes of Attenuation

1. Due to losses in the conducting walls of the waveguide.

2. Due to the shunt conductivity of the dielectric filling the


waveguide.
Other Waveguides

Ridged waveguides

Flexible waveguides
1. Ridged waveguides

Principal effect is to lower the value of the cut-off wavelength

Increase the useful frequency range of the waveguide.


2. Flexible waveguides

Waveguide sections capable of movements, i.e. Bending, twisting,


stretching or vibration.
Methods of Exciting Waveguides

1. Antennas – probe or loop


2. Slot coupling – hole or slot

3. Direct coupling to coaxial cables


Waveguide Coupling
1. Flanges for rectangular waveguides
2. Rotating couplings for circular and elliptical
waveguides.
Waveguide Sections

Taper
Twists
Tee
1. Taper
used to couple a circular
to a rectangular
waveguide.
2. Twists
used to change the signal
polarization.
3. Tee

used to combine two or


more signals.
Questions
1. What is the principal mode of a rectangular waveguide?

a. TEM
b. TE11
c. TE10
d. TM11
2. A waveguide acts as a

a. LPF
b. HPF
c. BPF
d. Resonator
3. Which of the following is a microwave frequency?

a. 1.7 MHz
b. 750 MHz
c. 0.98 GHz
d. 22 GHz
4. A waveguide has a cut-off frequency of 17 GHz. Which of the
following signals will not pass thru the waveguide?

a. 15 GHz
b. 18 Ghz
c. 22 GHz
d. 255 GHz
5. When the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, the mode is said to be

a. Vertically polarized
b. Horizontally polarized
c. Transverse electric
d. Transverse magnetic
6. The velocity of a resultant wave as it travels through the
waveguide.

a. Speed of light
b. Group velocity
c. Phase velocity
d. Incident velocity
7. The smallest free space wavelength that is just unable to
propagate in the waveguide under given conditions.

a. Guide
b. Phase
c. Cut-off
d. Group
8. Indicate which of the following cannot be followed by the word
"waveguide".

a. Elliptical
b. Flexible
c. Coaxial
d. Ridge
9. A waveguide section used to couple a circular to a rectangular
waveguide.

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
10. A waveguide section used to change the signal polarization

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
11. A waveguide section used to combine two or more signals

a. Taper
b. Twist
c. Bend
d. Tee
12. The progressive decrease of signal strength with increasing
distance

a. Radiation
b. Attenuation
c. Modulation
d. Propagation
13. A waveguide mode in which there is no component of electric
field in the direction of propagation given in the British
European standards

a. H mode
b. E mode
c. TE mode
d. TM mode
14. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and
the characteristic impedance of a circular waveguide whose
internal diameter is 4 cm for a 10 GHz signal propagated in it in
the dominant mode. (kr = 1.84)

a. 6.83 cm, 3 cm, 420 ohms


b. 3 cm, 6.83 cm, 420 ohms
c. 6.83 cm, 3.34 cm, 420 ohms
d. 6.83 cm, 3.34 cm, 338 ohms

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