EKT150 INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Control Structure:
Selection Part II

Dr. Nik Adilah Hanin

[email protected]
 Outline
• Continues with Selection Structures
– Nested if
– Conditional Operator
– Switch Structures
 Nested if
• Test for multiple cases by placing if…else
statements inside if…else statement
• It is possible to have if within if statement
• When one control statement is within another, it
is said to be nested
 Nested if : Syntax Examples
• No specific syntax for nested if
– Depends on the program structure
– Must have correct syntax for each if/ if- else/ if – else if
statement
if (expression1)
if (expression1) {
{ Statement A;
Statement A; if (expression2)
if (expression2) Statement B;
Statement B;
else if (expression3)
Statement C; Statement C;
}
}
else
else
Statement D;
Statement D;
Statement E;
Statement E;
 Example of Nested if –
Basic Understanding
If the weather is good,
I will go out in the garden,
And if it’s warm,
I will sit in the sun.
else
I will sit in the shade
else
I will stay indoors
I will then drink some lemonade

Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above statement
 Example of Nested if –
Syntax

if (expression1) /*Weather is good?*/

{
Statement A; /*Yes – go out in the garden*/
if (expression2) /*Warm?*/
Statement B; /*Yes – sit in the sun*/
else
Statement C; /*No – Sit in the shade*/
}
else
Statement D; /*Weather not god – stay in*/

Statement E; /*Drink lemonade in any event*/

 Example of Nested if –
Flow Chart
YES Is the
weather Sit Indoors
Out in the garden good? NO

YES NO
Is it warm?

Sit in sun Sit in shade

Drink some
lemonade
 Nested if – Exercise 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int numb1, numb2;
printf("Enter two integers to check\n");
scanf("%d %d",&numb1,&numb2);

if(numb1==numb2) //checking whether two integers are equal

printf("Result: %d = %d",numb1,numb2);
else
{
if(numb1>numb2) //checking whether numb1 is greater than numb2
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb1,numb2);
else
printf("Result: %d > %d",numb2,numb1);
}
return 0;
} Exercise:
• Draw flowchart for the above code
• Predict and display the output
Exercise 1: Nested if Flow Chart
Begin

Read input numb1 & numb2

NO
YES If numb1 ==
numb2

Display
YES Is numb1> NO
numb1==numb2
numb2?

Display numb1 > Display numb2 >

numb2 numb1

End
Exercise 1 : Nested if Sample Output

Enter 2 integers to check:

7 5
Result: 7 > 5

Enter 2 integers to check:

6 10
Result: 10 > 6

Enter 2 integers to check:

4 4
Result: 4 == 4
 Nested if – Exercise 2
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int mark;
printf(“Enter mark:\n”);
scanf("%d",&mark);
if ( mark <= 10 )
{
printf("You did not study.\n");
printf("You failed!\n");
}
else { // mark is 11 and above
if ( mark < 60 ) // mark is between 11 and 60
{
printf("You failed !\n");
printf("Study harder\n");
}
else { //mark is equal or above than 60
printf("You passed!\n");
} Exercise:
}
return 0;
• Draw flowchart for the above code
} • Predict and display the output
Exercise 2: Nested if Flow Chart
Begin

Read input mark

NO
YES
mark <=10

Display “ You did not

YES NO
study. You failed!” mark < 60

Display “ You failed! Display “ You

Study harder” passed!”

End
Exercise 2 : Nested if Sample Output

Enter mark:
75
You passed!

Enter mark:
9
You did not study. You failed!

Enter 2 integers to check:

44
You failed! Study harder
 Nested if – Exercise 3
Write a C program according to the following flow chart. Include one sample output of the
program.
Begin

Read input temperature

YES Temperature NO
<= 25

YES temperature NO YES temperature NO

<= 10 <= 35

Display Display Display Display

“ Cold” “Mild” “Warm” “Hot”

End
 Nested if – Exercise 3
Write a C program according to the following flow chart. Include one sample output of the
program.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
Enter temperature:
{
int mark; 9
printf(“Enter temperature:\n”); Cold
scanf("%d",&temperature);
if (temperature <= 25 )
Enter temperature:
{
if(temperature<=10) 24
printf(“Cold\n"); Mild
else
printf(“Mild\n”);
}
Enter temperature:
else { 34
if (temperature <=35 ) Warm
printf(“Warm\n");

else
Enter temperature:
printf(“Hot\n"); 40
} Hot
return 0;
}
Past Year Questions ( Midterm 2014/2015)
Predict and write the output of the program segment in Figure 2(a), given totalprice=1200 and
itemnumber=10.

if(totalprice>=1000)
{
if(itemnumber>10)
{
//calculate new total price with discount 50%
totalprice=totalprice*0.5;
printf(“Get 50% discount\n”);
}
else
{
//calculate new total price with discount 30%
totalprice=totalprice*0.7;
printf(“Get 30% discount\n”);
}
}
else
{
//calculate new total price with discount 10%
totalprice=totalprice*0.9;
printf(“Get 10% discount\n”);
}
 printf(“Total Price = %.2f”,totalprice);
[4 marks]
 Conditional Operator ( ? : )
• The conditional operator in C is also
known as ternary operator – because it
has three arguments.
• Evaluates an expression returning a value
if that expression is true and different one
if the expression is evaluated as false
 Conditional Operator - Syntax

Condition ? result1 : result2

• If the condition is true, result1 is returned

else result2 is returned
 Conditional Operator –
Basic Understanding

c =( c > 0 ) ? 10 : - 10

• If c is greater than 0, value of c will be 10

but, if c is less than n0, value of c will be -10
 Conditional Operator –
Example 1
1. 10 == 5 ? 11 : 12
2. 10 ! = 4 ? 4 : 3
3. 12 > 8 ? a : b

Exercise:
• Predict and display the output for above
conditional operator
 Conditional Operator –
Example 2
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a , b;
a = 10;
printf( "Value of b is %d\n", (a == 1) ? 20: 30 );
printf( "Value of b is %d\n", (a == 10) ? 20: 30 );
}

Exercise:
• Predict and display the output for above conditional operator
 Conditional Operator –
Example 3
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
char feb;
int days;
printf("Enter 1 if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: ");
scanf("%c",&feb);
days = (feb==‘1') ? 29:28;
/*If test condition (feb==‘1’) is true, days will be equal to 29. */
/*If test condition (feb==‘1') is false, days will be equal to 28. */
printf("Number of days in February = %d",days);

return 0;
}

Exercise:
• Predict and display the output for above conditional operator
 Switch Structures
• Similar to if-else if control structure
• Allows a variable to be tested for equality
against a list of values
• Each value is called a case, and the
variable being switched on is checked for
each switch case.
Switch Structures : Syntax

switch (expression) {
case constant-expression 1:
statement (s);
break;
case constant-expression 2:
statement (s);
break;
.
.
.
default:
statements;
}
Switch Structures : Flow Chart
Is switch
expression == True
Statement for
case first case
constant1?

False

Is switch True
expression == Statement for second
case constant2? case

False
Default statements
 Switch Structures : Rules (1)
• The expression used in a switch statement must have
an integral or enumerated type, or be of a class type in
which the class has a single conversion function to an
integral or enumerated type
• Can have any number of case statements within a
switch. Each case is followed by the value to be
compared to and a colon.
• The constant-expression for a case must be the same
data type as the variable in the switch, and it much be
constant or a literal.
 Switch Structures : Rules (2)
• When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the
statements following that case will execute until a break
statement is reached.
• When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates,
and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the
switch statement
• Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears,
the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a
break is reached
• Can have an optional default case, which must appear at the
end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing
a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in
the default case.
 Switch Structures : Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char grade = 'B'; case 'D' :
switch(grade) printf("You passed\n" );
{ break;
case 'A' : case 'F' :
printf("Better try again\n" );
printf("Excellent!\n" );
break;
break;
default :
case 'B' : printf("Invalid grade\n" );
case 'C' : }
printf("Well done\n" ); printf("Your grade is %c\n", grade );
break; return 0;
}
 Switch Structures : Example 2
int main ()
{ case 3:
int choice; printf (“Deleting…\n”);
printf (“1. Create a new database\n”); break;
printf (“2. Edit a database\n”); case 4:
printf (3. Delete a database\n”); printf (“Merging…\n”);
printf (“4. Merge database\n”); break;
printf (“5. Exit system\n”); case 5:
printf (“Choose an option:”); printf (“Thank you, Bye.\n”);
scanf (“%d”, &choice); break;
switch (choice) { default::
case 1: printf (“Invalid input!\n”);
printf (“Creating….\n”); break;
break; }
case 2: return 0;
printf (“Editing…\n”); }
break;
 Switch Structures : Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char o;
float num1,num2;

printf("Select an operator either + or - or * or / \n");

scanf("%c",&o);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%f%f",&num1,&num2);
switch(o) {
case '+': printf("%.1f + %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1+num2); break;
case '-': printf("%.1f - %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2); break;
case '*': printf("%.1f * %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2); break;
case '/': printf("%.1f / %.1f = %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2); break;
default:
/* If operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown */
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
return 0;
}
 Past Year Questions ( Final 2016/2017)
Rewrite the switch statement below as an if-else if statement.
 
switch (program) {
case 12: printf("B. Material\n");
break;
  case 32: printf("M. Metallurgy\n");
break;
  case 56: printf("P. Polymer\n");
break;
  default: printf("Player unknown\n");
}
 
[4 Marks/Markah]
 
Past Year Questions ( Midterm 2016/2017)
Predict the output of the following C segment if the input value beta = 4.

scanf (“%d”,&beta)
switch (beta)
{
case 1:
case 2: beta = beta + 6; break;
case 4: beta--;
case 5: beta = 6 * beta;
case 6: beta = beta + 10; break;
default: beta--;
} (2 marks)
 
Past Year Questions ( Midterm 2015/2016)
Convert the if-else if segment in the following Figure to a switch statement.

if (colour == 1)
printf (“red”);
else if (colour == 2)
printf (“yellow”);
else if (colour == 3)
printf (“green”);
else
printf (“other colours”); [8 Marks/Markah]