Earthing System -

Maintenance
Er. K.V.SURYA PRAKASA RAO
 Earthing Systems:
Electrical earthing is designed primarily to render electrical installation safe. The
purpose of earthing are :
1. Protection to the plant
2. Protection to the personnel and
3. Improvement in service reliability
Non- current carrying parts with conducting surface such as tanks of Power
Transformers, and frame work of circuits breakers, structural steel work in
switch yard instrument transformer cases, lightning arresters and armored
cables armoring should be effectively grounded for protection of equipments
and operating personnel. Earth connections of all equipments should be
made in duplicate.
Connecting lead should have sufficient current carrying capacity.
L A s should have independent earth electrode which should be inter connected
to the station grounding system.
All paints, enamel, seals should be removed from the point off contact of metal
surfaces before earth connections are made.
The resistances of earth system should not exceed 2 ohms for 33/11 KV Sub
Stations.
But in the sub stations of Distribution companies Earth resistance Maximum of 1
Ohm is maintained.
Suitable grounding mat should be provided in the sub station yard.
 In a Sub Station the following shall be earthed.

 The neutral point of the systems of different voltages which

have to be earthed.
 Apparatus, frame work and other non-current carrying metal

work associated with each system, for example transformer

tanks, switch gear frame work etc.,
 Extraneous metal frame work not associated with the power

systems, for example, boundary, fence, steel structures etc.,

The earthing Means connecting of Electrical equipment,
machinery or an electrical system with the general mass of
earth is termed as earthing or grounding
 FUNCTION OF AN EARTHING SYSTEM

A Sub Station earthing system has to satisfy four

requirements:
 The earthing system must provide an environment which is
free from the possibility of fatal electric shock.
 The earthing system must provide a low impedance path for
fault and earth leakage currents to pass to earth.
 The earthing conductors must possess sufficient thermal
capacity to pass the highest fault current for the required time
 The earthing conductors must have sufficient mechanical
strength and corrosion resistance.
 Earthing can be broadly divided as :

 System Grounding ( System Earthing)

 Equipment Grounding (Safety Grounding)
 System Grounding:

It is a connection to the ground of a part of the plant forming

part of the operating circuits for example the star point of the
transformer or the neutral conductor. The grounding of the
lighting, arrestors also comes under the head of system
grounding. The provision of system ground reduces to
considerable extent the magnitude of the transient over
voltages and there by increases the life of electrical equipment
besides minimizing the services interruptions.
Thus the fundamental purpose of system ground is the
protection of installation and improvement in quality of
service. The system ground also will ensure the safety of the
personnel to some extent, as it helps to clear the fault speedily.
 Safety Grounds (Equipment Grounding)

It is a connection to the ground of non-current carrying parts of the equipments like

Motors, Transformer Tanks, Switchgear enclosures, Metallic enclosures of all
electrically operated equipments and also the installations used to carry/ Support
electrical equipments. The frames of the equipments, if not earthed when come
into contact accidentally with live parts will have potential with reference to the
ground. The potential difference, when shunted between the hands and the feet of a
person touching the frame, produces current through the body which can result in a
fatality. By connecting body which can result in a fatality. By connecting the
frames to a low resistance ground system, a sufficiently high current will flow into
the ground when accidentally the live parts of the equipment / Machinery touch the
frames, and consequently saves the operating personnel from fatal accidents.
Thus the equipment grounding is basically intended to safeguard to a great extent
from the hazards of touch voltages. The safety ground is so designed that the
potential difference appearing between the frames and the neighboring ground is
kept within safe limits.
 Separation of system and safety grounds:

During ground fault conditions, the fault current flows via the
system ground. When the system and safety grounds are inter
connected, the fault current flowing (via) the system ground
rises the potential of the safety ground. Also the flow of
current to safety ground results in hazardous potential gradient
in and around sub station. In view of the above it is some
times suggested that separate system and safety grounds will
avoid the danger arising due to potential gradients. The idea is
that by connecting the system ground to a separate earthing
system situated in a in accessible spot, the ground fault current
does not flow through the safety ground. However, this
separate system of grounds has many disadvantages and can
be more hazardous as mentioned below
 With separate grounds we can avoid danger due to potentials
only for faults outside the stations.
 Short circuit currents will be more if the fault occurs in the
sub stations.
 The resistance may be more and in some cases sufficient
currents may not flow to operate the relays.
 For effective separation of the earthing systems, the system
ground shall be installed at a distance of at least twice the
diagonal length of the sub station which is covered by safety
grounding. The neutral of the transformer has to be
connected to this remote earthing by means of insulated
leads. Even with this arrangement one cannot always be
sure about the complete isolation of the two systems and
there is always a chance of inadequate electrical connection
through buried neutral pipes etc., Hence, this is
impracticable, complicated and costly. It is therefore a
common practice to install a common grounding system and
design the same for effective earthing and safer potential
gradients.
 System Earthing

 System earthing is governed by provisions of Rule - Of I.E

Rules, 1956. Unearthed systems have been tried and due to the
phenomenon of Arcing Grounds associated with them, theses
have been abandoned, excepting in a few cases of power
station auxiliaries supply systems where other arrangements
are made for indicating earth faults. In an ungrounded system
the insulation of all the equipments, lines etc, will have to be
much higher values as compared to those of equipments and
lines of a grounded system. This aspect greatly reduces the
costs and ensures more safety.
 Types of System Earthing:
 Earthing through a resistance.
 Earthing through a reactance.
 Earthing through a Peterson coil
 Earthing directly or solid earthing.
 Sub Station Earthing
Because of the difficulties and disadvantages involved in marinating the
system grounding and safety grounding separately it is the common
practice now to have a combined grounding system at the sub stations.
Provision of adequate earthing in a sub station is extremely important for
the safety of the operating personnel as well as for proper system
operation. The Primary requirements of a good earthing system in a sub
station are.
 The impedance to ground should be as low as possible. The impedance
of the earth system shall not exceed the following limits in the sub stations

Power Stations 0.5 Ohms

Major Sub stations above 110 KV 1.0 Ohms

Minor Sub Stations below 110 KV 2.0 Ohms

Distribution Transformer Station 5.0 Ohms

Transmission line supports 10.0 Ohms

The Step and touch potentials should be within safe limits

Touch Potential :
Touch potential is the potential difference between the ground surface potential
where a person is standing and the potential of his outstretched hand (s) which
are in contact with an earthed structure. It is normally assumed that a person’s
maximum reach is 1.0 meter.
Step Potential :
Step Potential is the potential difference between outstretched feet, at a spacing
of 1.0 meter without the person touching any earthed structure
Mesh Potential
The maximum potential difference between the centre of a mesh in an earth
grid, and an earthed structure connected to the buried grid conductors. It is
worst case scenario of a touch potential.
Transferred potential
The transferred potential is a touch potential which is transferred some distance
by an earth referenced metallic conductor. For example, consider a screened
cable connecting two sub stations which are some distance apart. If a person
disconnects the earthed termination at one end of a screened cable he may be
subjected to the full ground potential rise occurring due to an earth fault. This
can be a very high touch potential.
To keep the ground impedance as low as possible and also to
have satisfactory step and touch voltages, an earthing mat will be
buried at a suitable depth below the ground and it is provided
with grounding electrode at suitable points. All the non-current
carrying parts of the equipments in the sub stations are
connected to this grid so as to ensure that under fault conditions,
none of these parts are at higher potential than the grounding
grid. Under normal conditions, the ground electrode make little
contribution to lower the earth resistance; they are, however,
desirable for marinating low value of resistance under all
weather conditions, which is particularly important where the
system fault currents are heavy.
Earthing in a sub station must conform to the requirements of the
Indian Electricity Rules and follow the directives laid down in
section I and III of IS : 3043-1966. the earthing system has to be
designed to have a low overall impedance, and a current carrying
capacity consistent with fault current.
The factors which influence the design
are:
 Duration of fault.
 Magnitude of the fault current.
 Resistivity of the underlying strata.
 Resistivity of the surface material
 Material of the earth electrode.
1. 100 X 16 mm and 75 X 8mm size MS steel flats are being ordered for forming the earthing
system for EHT Sub station and 33/11 KV Sub Stations respectively
2. Earth mat shall be formed with the steel flats buried in the ground at a depth of 500mm.
3. The earth mat shall extend over the entire switchgear yard and beyond the security fencing
of structural yard by at least one meter.
4. The outer most peripheral earthing conductor surrounding the earth mat shall be of 100 x 16
mm size MS flat.
5. The intermediate earthing conductors forming the earth mat shall be of 75 x 8 mm size flat.
6. All the risers used for connecting the equipment steel structures etc., to earth mat shall be
of 50 x6 mm size excepting for earthing of L A s and transformer neutrals for which 100 x
16 mm or 75 x 8 mm size shall be used.
7. All Junctions (crossing of the steel flats while forming the earth mat and taking risers from
the earthmat for giving earth connections to equipments, steel structural conducts, cable
shearths shall be propersly welded.
8. Proper earthing lugs shall be used for connecting the earth terminals of equipments to the
earthing steel flat.
9. Provisions shall be made for thermal expansion of the steel flats by giving suitable bends.
10. The earth mat shall be formed by placing 75 x8mm MS flat at a distance 5 meters along the
length & breadth of the sub station duly welding at crossing.
11. All the equipments, steel structural, conduits, cable sheaths shall be solidly grounded by
connecting to the earthing mat at least two places for each.
12. The ground mat of the switchyard shall be properly connected to the earth mat of the
control house at least at two points.
13. welding is done shall be given a coat of black asphalitic varnish and then covered with
hessain tape to avoid rusting.
14. All paints, enamel and scale shall be removed from point of contact in metal surfaces
before applying ground connections.
15. The risers taken along the main switchyard structures and equipment structures up to
their top) shall be clamped to the structure at an interval of not more than one meter
with ground connectors.
16. 75 X 8 mm ground conductor shall run in cable trenches and shall be connected to the
ground amt at an interval of 5 meters.
17. Grounding electrodes 2.75 Mtrs length 100 mm dia 9 mm thickness CI Pipes shall be
provided at all their peripheral corners of the earthiong mat and also at Distance of 10
Mtrs along length & width of switch gearand in the entire switch yard.
18. The grounding electrodes shall be drived into the ground and their tops shall be welded
to a clamp and the clamp together with the grounding shall be welded to the ground
conductor.
19. The switchyard surface area shall be covered by a layer of crushed rock of size 25 x 40
mm to a depth of 100mm
20. Transformers and L A s and single phase potential transformer shall be provided with
earth pits near them for earthing and these earth pits in turn shall be connected to the
earth mat.
21. Power Transformers neutral shall be provided with double earthing. Neutral earthing
and body earthing of power transformers shall be connected to separate earth electrode.
22. the entire earthing system shall be laid with constructional conveniences in the filed,
keeping in view the above points.
23. The joints and tap-offs where welding is done shall be given a coat of black asphalitic
varnish and then covered with hessain tape to avoid rusting.
 THE PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF STEP POTENTIAL AND TOUCH
POTENTIAL SHALL BE

Maximum Acceptable step Voltage

Fault clearance times

Fault clearance times 0.2 Seconds 0.35 Seconds 0.7 Seconds

On soil 1050 V 600 V 195 V
On chippings 150mm) 1400 V 800 V 250 V

Maximum Acceptable Touch Voltage

Fault clearance times

Fault clearance times 0.2 Seconds 0.35 Seconds 0.7 Seconds

On soil 3200 V 1800 V 535 V
On chippings 150mm) 4600 V 2600 V 815 V
 EARTH GRID- MATERIAL
The following are the minimum sizes of materials to used.

S. No Item Material to be used

1 Grounding Electrodes CI pipe 100 mm (inner dia)

Meters long with a flange at
the top
2 Earth mat 75 X 8mm MS Flat
3 Connection to between 75 X 8mm MS Flat
electrodes and earthmat
4 Connection to between 50 x 6mm MS Flat
earth mat and equipment
(Top Connections)
 The size of trench for burying earth mat shall be 300mm X
500mm. The earth mat shall be buried in the ground at a depth
of 500mm. The earth mat shall extend over the entire switch
yard.
 All junctions and risers in the earth flat shall be properly
welded by providing additional flat pieces for contact between
two flats
 Provision shall be made for thermal expansion of steel flats by
giving smooth circular bends Bending shall not cause any
fatigue in the material.
 After welding, the joints and tap offs shall be given two coats
of Bitumen paint
 Back filling of earth mat trench to be done with good earth,
free of stones and other harmful mixtures. Back fill shall be
placed in layer of 150mm, uniformly spread along the ditch,
and tampered by approved means
 EARTH ELECTRODES
Earth electrodes shall be of CI pipe 100mm (inner dia) 2.75 meters
long with a flange at the top and earth flat already indicated and
shall be connected to earth grid in the Sub Station. All earth pits
are to excavated and the preferred backfill is a mixture of coke and
salt in alternate layers. A suitable size cement collar may be
provided to each earth electrode. All bolted earth mat connections
and strip connections to plant and equipment panel will be subject
to strict scrutiny. Transformer Neutrals shall be connected directly
to the earth electrode by two independent MS strips of 75 X 8mm.
The transformer body earthing shall be done with 75 X 8mm flat.
The independent connections of MS strips with earth mat shall be
given on either side of the Transformer. All contact surface must
be filled or ground flat ensures good electrical connection, and the
contact surface shall be protected with a contact lubricant.
Following this all connections shall be painted with heavy coats of
bituminous black paint so as to exclude moisture.
 EARTH GRID – WORK DETAILS

 Neutral connection earth pipe shall never be used for the equipment
earthing.
 A separate earth electrode shall be provided adjacent to the structures
supporting Lightning Arrestors. Earth connection shall be as short and
as straight as practicable. For arrestors mounted near for protecting
transformers earth conductors shall be connected directly to the tank.
 An Earthing pad shall be provided under each operating handle of the
isolator and operating mechanism of the circuit breakers. Operating
handle of the isolator and supporting structures shall be bonded together
by a flexible connection and connected to the earthing grid.
 All equipment and switchgear etc., erected shall be earthed as per I.E
Rules 1956.