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Hydrology and Water Management Fluid Mechanics LAB

This document discusses the development of a stage-discharge relationship, or rating curve, for an open channel. It covers measuring water stage and discharge, plotting the stage-discharge relationship, and methods for extending the rating curve to higher and lower flows, including double log-plot, stage-area/velocity, Manning's equation, and conveyance slope methods. The document also describes lab experiments for measuring discharge coefficients using devices like venture meters, orifices, and weirs.

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Muhammad Saqib
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43 views26 pages

Hydrology and Water Management Fluid Mechanics LAB

This document discusses the development of a stage-discharge relationship, or rating curve, for an open channel. It covers measuring water stage and discharge, plotting the stage-discharge relationship, and methods for extending the rating curve to higher and lower flows, including double log-plot, stage-area/velocity, Manning's equation, and conveyance slope methods. The document also describes lab experiments for measuring discharge coefficients using devices like venture meters, orifices, and weirs.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Saqib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

HYDROLOGY AND WATER

MANAGEMENT FLUID MECHANICS


LAB
• EXPERIMENT-3: DEVELOPMENT OF STAGE DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP FOR AN
OPEN CHANNEL AND ITS EXTENSION ”
• WEEK: 3
• COURSE CODE: CE-414L
• PROGRAM: BSC CIVIL ENGINEERING
• COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. MAAZ AMJAD AND ENGR. SHAHID ALI KHAN

1
Contents
 Water Stage
 Discharge
 Stage-discharge relationship
 Method of plotting rating curve
 Extension of Rating curve
i. Low flow extension
ii. High Flow extension
 Lab practical for calculating coefficient of discharge
 Development of Rating Curve
Water Stage
Water Stage:
 The elevation above some arbitrary
datum of water surface at a station.

Measurement of water stage

Types of gauge measuring river stage


Staff gauge
Suspended weight gauge
Recording gauge
Crest-stage gauge
Discharge
Measurement of discharge
 Stream discharge is the rate at which volume of water passes through a cross
sectional area per unit time.

Measurement of discharge

Historical Records

Basic Principle of discharge measurement (Q=AV)

Direct determination of stream discharge


i. Area velocity method
ii. Electromagnetic method
iii. Ultrasonic method
Discharge Measurement Instruments
Stage-Discharge Relation
Rating Curve:
 A rating curve is a graph of discharge vs. stage for a given point on a stream,
usually at gauging stations, where the stream discharge is measured across the
stream channel with a flow meter.
 Channels and hydraulic structures can have rating curves
Rating Curve
Method:
i. Record stage (depth) during an intersecting runoff event.
ii. Measure velocity across the channel.
iii. Compute discharge as produced of the flow area and velocity

Simple Relation:
 If there is direct relation b/w Q and gage height “d” the discharge rating is called
simple relation.
Q=k(d)n
K , n are constants
Extension:
 Plotting this equation in log-log paper, rating is transformed to straight line.
 This straight line can easily be extended or extrapolated.
Continue…
Rating curve for Steady Uniform Flow:
 Commonly used stage discharge rating treat the discharge as a function of stage.
 These ratings follow a power curve of form given by equation ( Herschy, 1995)

Q=C(h-a)α
Q is discharge
h is the stage, C is constant
“a” is the theoretical stage corresponding to zero discharge, “α” are calibration coefficients
Practical Application
 An accurate stage-discharge relationship is necessary for design to evaluate the
interrelationships of flow characteristics (depth and discharge).
 The stage discharge relationship also enables you to evaluate a range of conditions as
opposed to a preselected design flow rate.
 Used to produce continuous records of stream or river discharge
Method-1: Finding of “a”
Method-2: Finding of “a”
Method-3: Finding of “a”
Extension/ Extrapolation
 During the event of large flood, it is impossible or impractical to measure discharge
directly.
 More often the flood stage goes beyond the range of data used to define the rating
curve. Therefore exploration of rating curve is needed when water level is recorded
below the lowest or above the highest level.
Extrapolation
 If the stage-discharge relation is stable, there is no problem in defining the
discharge rate for that period .
 On the other hand if there are no discharge measurements to define a part of the
curve, then the part of the curve needs to be extrapolated to the highest or lowest
stage experienced as the case may be to find the discharge at that stage

Methods for Extension/Extrapolation;


i. Low flow extrapolation
ii. High flow extrapolation
Methods of Extrapolation
Low flow extrapolation;
 Performed on rectangular co-ordinate graph plot (because co-ordinates of zero plot
can be plotted on such paper)
 The stage for zero flow can be obtained by field observations.
 After identifying the stage for zero discharge , the point of zero flow is joined by
smooth curve to the defined part of the rating curve.

 Go is the gage height for zero discharge(m)


Continue..
High Flow extrapolations
 Double log plot method
 Stage Velocity-Area method
 The Manning’s equation method
 The conveyance slope method
Double log- plot Method
 High flow extrapolation is very complex and great care is needed in arriving at
extrapolated values.
 When hydraulic characteristics of the channel do not change much beyond the
measured range, then the simple extrapolation of log stage discharge relation may
be applied.
 Graphically the relationship in this case can simply be extended beyond the
measured range by projecting the last segment of straight line relationship in log-
log domain.
 Such an extrapolation is illustrated by the dashed straight line in fig below for the
cross sectional profile.
Double log- plot Method
• In this example rating curve has
been established for the river flows
up to flood plain.
• Double log technique was applied
for this extrapolation.
• This technique implies that same
power type equation is used for
higher stages as well.
• It is likely that this method will
lead to an under estimation of
discharge, since the contribution of
the flood plain flow is not taken
into consideration.
Stage Area / Stage Velocity Method
• Where extrapolation is needed beyond the
measured range, then a combination of stage
area and stage velocity curves are extended
separately.
• For stable channels the stage area relationship
is fixed.
• The stage velocity curve is based on current
meter gauging within the measured range and,
since the rate of increase in velocity at higher
stages diminishes rapidly this curve can be
extended without much error for in bank flows.
• Discharge for a given (extended) stage is then
obtained by the product of area and mean
velocity using extrapolated stage-area and
stage mean velocity curves.
The Manning’s Equation Method
• A slight variation of stage-area-velocity method is the use of manning’s
equation for steady flow. In terms of mean velocity Manning’s equation
can be written as;
• V=Km*R2/3*S1/2
• For higher stages, the value of Km*S1/2 becomes nearly constant and
equation can be reduced to

• V=K*R2/3

• The relationship of stage ‘h’ to ‘k’ is plotted from discharge


measurements. This curve often approaches a constant value of ‘k’ at
higher stages.
Continue…
• This value of ‘k’ may then be used in conjunction with
extrapolated relationships between ‘h’ and ‘A’. Discharge at
extrapolated stage is then obtained by applying Manning’s
equation with ‘K’ and extrapolated values of A and R^2/3
The Conveyance Slope Method
• In this method the conveyance and energy slope are
extrapolated .
• It is based on Manning’s equation
• Q=Km*R2/3*S1/2*A
• Q=K*S1/2
• Where the conveyance is
• K=Km*R2/3*A
• For the assessment of k for a given stage, are obtained
from field survey of the discharge measurement section
and values of n are estimated in the field. Values of k
are then plotted against stage up to the max required
level.
Lab Practical for calculation of co-efficient of
discharge
• Actual discharge can be determined by collecting the given volume of water in a
known time.
• The theoretical discharge is obtained by using appropriate equation in which head
of water and the dimensions of the device is substituted.
Device Discharge Equation Q-H Relationship

Venture meter

Small Orifice

large orifice

Rectangular weir

Triangular weir
Lab-Practical
• Calculations;
Development of Rating Curve Calculations
THANK YOU

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