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Well Logging

The neutron log detects hydrogen in formations to estimate porosity. It works by emitting neutrons that collide with formation atoms, losing the most energy from hydrogen collisions. This allows inference of hydrogen content and porosity from detected gamma rays. The gamma ray log measures natural radioactivity from potassium, uranium, and thorium to infer lithology like shale volume. Spectral gamma ray logs distinguish these three sources.

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Safwan Nasir
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100 views20 pages

Well Logging

The neutron log detects hydrogen in formations to estimate porosity. It works by emitting neutrons that collide with formation atoms, losing the most energy from hydrogen collisions. This allows inference of hydrogen content and porosity from detected gamma rays. The gamma ray log measures natural radioactivity from potassium, uranium, and thorium to infer lithology like shale volume. Spectral gamma ray logs distinguish these three sources.

Uploaded by

Safwan Nasir
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NEUTRON LOG

• Neutron logging responds primarily to the


amount of hydrogen in the formation.

• Hydrogen is contained in water, oil and


gas and can be used to estimate porosity.
• Logging tool emits high energy neutrons into formation

• Neutrons collide with nuclei of formation’s atoms

• Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision

• The most energy is lost when colliding with a hydrogen atom nucleus

• Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be captured by nuclei

• Capturing nuclei become excited and emit gamma rays


• Thermal neutron detection instrument
• Two detectors minimize borehole effects
• Logging speed 20-30 fpm
• Can be run with other logs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-V8DxStuX4
Neutron logs distinguish hydrogen concentration.
The more H, the more adsorption.
High counts=low adsorption (Low porosity)
Low counts=high adsorption (High porosity)
More Hydrogen detected, the more porosity you have.
Notes:
• Shale contain clays that have a significant amount of surface absorbed (bound) water. Hence shales can
contain a significant proportion of hydrogens despite being low porosity
• Shale absorbs neutron because of high (bound) water content. Shales contains Hydrogen. Therefore
water will be absorbing neutrons quite effectively.
• Water and oil have same H contents and thus behave similar on these logs i.e. you can’t tell the diff
between the oil and water.
• Gas has very low H content.
High Hydrogen Content Low Hydrogen Content
 Neutrons are slowed rapidly.  Neutrons are slowed less rapidly.
 Neutrons are captured close to source.  Many neutrons are captured close to
source.
 Little radiation reaches the detector
 Significant radiation reaches the detector.
Gamma Ray Log
Gamma Ray Log
Natural gamma-ray log is based on the measurement of natural
radioactivity of formation rocks, which depends on the content of
radioactive isotopes of uranium, potassium and thorium and, also, on
the lithological composition of formation rocks.

OR

Gamma Rays are bursts of high-energy electromagnetic waves that


are emitted spontaneously by some radioactive elements.

• Types:
– Natural
– Spectral
Typical Applications
• Determination of reservoir thickness
• Lithology indicator
• Estimation of Shale Volume
• The gamma ray tool measures natural radiation from the rock which primarily
comes from K, U, Th.
• Because these elements are present in shale but usually absent in siliceous
and carbonates, the log is used as an estimator of shale content. 

The shale content in reservoirs is important because it reduces permeability (and porosity)


Gamma Ray Log Interpretation

The interpretation of gamma ray logs can be summarized as follows:

• Clean sands, sandstones, limestones, coal and dolomites have low


radioactivity.

• Shales have a much higher radioactivity than the rocks listed above.
Shales are sufficiently high in radioactivity and can generally be easily
distinguished from the other rocks on a gamma ray log.
General GR Response
Scintillation Gamma Ray Detector

• This instrument can be lowered into a


borehole where it measures the
amount and composition of the
gamma-rays that enters the borehole
from the surrounding rocks.

• This instrument contains a gamma-ray


detector that often is a large crystal of
NaI. When the crystal is hit by a
gamma photon, a tiny amount of light is
generated in the crystal.

• A photomultiplier tube is used to


convert the light to an electrical pulse.
Factors Affecting Tool Response

• Radiation intensity of the formation

• Counter’s efficiency

• Time constant

• Logging speed

• Borehole environment
Time Constant/Logging Speed Effect

• Gamma Ray Logs never repeat exactly. The


minor variations are statistical fluctuations
due to the random nature of the radioactive
pulses reaching the detector.

• Reduce statistical fluctuations by optimizing


the time constant and logging speed.

• The faster the logging speed, the less time the


tool can sufficiently react and properly count
the radiation intensity.
Effect of Time Constant and Logging
Speed on bed resolution

The faster the logging speed, the less time


the tool can sufficiently react and properly
count the radiation intensity.
Spectral Gamma Ray Log

• It is a borehole log indicating the


concentration of Thorium (Th), Uranium
(U), and  Potassium (K) in the rocks
surrounding a borehole.

• Spectral Gamma Rays can determine


separately the amount of gamma rays from
potassium, uranium, and thorium.
Spectral Gamma Ray Log Vs Gamma Ray Log

Spectral Gamma Ray Log Gamma Ray Log


• It is not able to detect between the
• It is able to detect and identify the gamma-rays from Th, U, and K
radioactive source (gamma-rays respectively; it just "counts" the total
from Th, U, and K respectively.) number of gamma-rays that hits the
detector per second.
• It is displayed as three curves from
all sources of Thorium, Uranium and • The "output" is counts per second (cps)
Potassium. that also may be converted to API units
for gamma radiation.

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