River training aims to guide river flow within channels to control flooding and sediment disposal. It establishes stable river alignments using methods like embankments, guide banks, groynes, and cutoffs. Embankments/levees and guide banks are commonly used to contain floods and direct flow towards structures. Their design considers factors like seepage control, slopes, and freeboard. Guide banks confine rivers at structures and prevent changes to course. Their length and curved heads are based on discharge calculations. River training overall seeks to balance flood protection, navigation, and sediment management.
River training aims to guide river flow within channels to control flooding and sediment disposal. It establishes stable river alignments using methods like embankments, guide banks, groynes, and cutoffs. Embankments/levees and guide banks are commonly used to contain floods and direct flow towards structures. Their design considers factors like seepage control, slopes, and freeboard. Guide banks confine rivers at structures and prevent changes to course. Their length and curved heads are based on discharge calculations. River training overall seeks to balance flood protection, navigation, and sediment management.
River training aims to guide river flow within channels to control flooding and sediment disposal. It establishes stable river alignments using methods like embankments, guide banks, groynes, and cutoffs. Embankments/levees and guide banks are commonly used to contain floods and direct flow towards structures. Their design considers factors like seepage control, slopes, and freeboard. Guide banks confine rivers at structures and prevent changes to course. Their length and curved heads are based on discharge calculations. River training overall seeks to balance flood protection, navigation, and sediment management.
River training aims to guide river flow within channels to control flooding and sediment disposal. It establishes stable river alignments using methods like embankments, guide banks, groynes, and cutoffs. Embankments/levees and guide banks are commonly used to contain floods and direct flow towards structures. Their design considers factors like seepage control, slopes, and freeboard. Guide banks confine rivers at structures and prevent changes to course. Their length and curved heads are based on discharge calculations. River training overall seeks to balance flood protection, navigation, and sediment management.
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CHAPTER 5
RIVER TRAINING AND FLOOD CONTROL
River Training and Flood Control cont… River training, in its wider aspects, covers all those engineering works which are constructed on a river, so as to guide and confine the flow to the river channel and to control and regulate the river bed configuration, thus ensuring the effective and efficient disposal of flood and sediment load. Establishing and training a river along a certain alignment with a suitable water way is, therefore, the first and foremost aim of river training. Cont…
Objectives of River training
To prevent the river from changing its course To prevent flooding of the surrounding area To protect the river bank to deflect the rivers away from the attacked banks. To ensure effective disposal of sediments To provide minimum water depth for navigation Classification of River Training Depending up on the purpose for which a river training programme is under taken, the river training works may be classified in to the following three categories. 1. High water training or Training for discharge Under taken with the primary purpose of flood control. It, therefore, aims at providing sufficient river cross –section for the safe passage of maximum flood, and is concerned with making the adjoining area flood-proof, by construction of dykes or levees 2. Low water Training or Training for depth Under taken for the provision of sufficient depth in navigation channels during low water periods Cont… It may be accomplished by concentrating and enhancing the flow in desired channel by closing other channels by the process of bandalling, by contracting the width of the channel with the help of groynes etc. 3. Mean water Training or Training for sediment Aimed for efficient sediment disposals and thus, to preserve the channel in a good shape. Methods of River Training The following are the generally adopted methods for river training : Marginal /embankment or levees Guide banks Groynes or spurs Artificial cut-off Pitching of banks and provision of launching aprons 1. Marginal /embankment or levees These are the earthen embankments running parallel to the river at some suitable distance. They are constructed on both side of the river A levee or a dyke are mainly used for flood protection by controlling the river. The alignment of the levees should follow the normal meandering pattern of the river. Cont… Design consideration Levees are just like earth dams with the difference that they are very long Their section should be designed in such away as to keep the seepage gradient inside the body of the embankment by at least one meter from below the top surface of the embankment. Seepage gradient varies between 4:1 to 6:1 (i.e. H:V) depending up on the characteristics of the soil. River side slope varies from 2:1 to 5:1 land side slope varies from 2:1 to 7:1 Top width varies between 2.5 to 3.5m. The free board varies between 0.3 to 1.5m Cont… 2. Guide banks Guide banks are the earthen embankments constructed for confining the alluvial river flow within reasonable waterway and guiding it to hydraulic structures. If a weir or barrage or bridge are constructed across a river the river width is reduced and trained in guide bank. Also prevent the river from changing its course and outflanking structures Cont…. Cont… Selection of working-site The construction of bridges weirs or barrage should be at minimum width of banks of the river Bends and meandering of the river should not be adopted. The soil of the bed and banks should be stiff clay or geologically accepted Design Consideration The top level of the guide bank is governed by HFL, afflux, velocity and free board. Cont… Afflux:- It is arise in high flood level of the river upstream of the weir or barrage as a result of construction. The amount of afflux in case of weirs or barrage on alluvial soils is limited to 1to 1.2m Water way:- It is the actual width from which the water has to flow after the river is constructed. The waterway may be given by Lacey’s regime perimeter (p) P= ; (Because in wide rivers width is approximately equal to its perimeter), Q is the maximum discharge (cumecs) In case of a bridge, obstruction caused by piers should be accounted the equation is represent the clear effective water way. Cont… Most of the existing weir and bridge provided a clear water 10%-50% more than that is given by lacey’s Regime perimeter. Length of guide banks It is depending up on distance between the abutment of the guide banks. Cont… Cont… However in a certain case when the permanent bank is too wide, the Gale’s guide bunds may fail to provide enough protections to the approaching embankments. So, in this case we have to use Cont… Cont… Radius of the curved head of the guide banks
Gale’s suggested the R value 250m when the Q value in b/n
7,000 to 20,000 cumecs and R= 580m when Q value is b/n 40,000 to 70,000 cumecs. When the value of discharge in between 20,000 to 40,000 R will be find by interpolation. Cont… Cont… The shank portion and section of bund Straight portion of the guide bank BC is called the shank portion. The guide banks should have a minimum top width of 4m so as to provide sufficient carriage-way. Extra width may, however, be provided for storing pitching material Side slopes may vary from 1.5H: 1V to 2.5H:1V but generally kept as 2H:1V depending on the construction materials and the height of the bund. A free board of 1.2 to 1.5m is generally provided Cont… Slope pitching Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Example Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont… Cont…
Irrigation Works: The Principles on Which Their Design and Working Should Be Based, with Special Details Relating to Indian Canals and Some Proposed Improvements