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Internal Combustion Engines - The Diesel

This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, focusing on diesel engines. It describes the main components of diesel engines, including the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, and moving parts like the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valves. It explains the thermodynamic principles behind two-stroke and four-stroke engines and their operating cycles. Additionally, it discusses the uses of diesel engines, supporting systems, and some safety precautions.

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Tarun Patel
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82 views

Internal Combustion Engines - The Diesel

This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, focusing on diesel engines. It describes the main components of diesel engines, including the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, and moving parts like the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valves. It explains the thermodynamic principles behind two-stroke and four-stroke engines and their operating cycles. Additionally, it discusses the uses of diesel engines, supporting systems, and some safety precautions.

Uploaded by

Tarun Patel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Combustion Engines –

The Diesel
Objectives
• Uses for internal combustion engines
• Thermodynamic principles involved
• Components and purposes of each
• Operation of systems
• Two stroke engines
• Four stroke engines
The Diesel is a Hacker
Engine Uses
• Emergency Diesel Generators (EDG)
• Propulsion
• Certain amphibious landing ships
• Mine warfare ships
• Patrol craft
• Tug boats
• Small boats
• Outboard motors
Thermodynamic Principles
• All internal combustion
• Open cycle, heated engine
• Gasoline (Otto) engine
• Spark ignition
• Compresses air-fuel mixture
• Diesel engine
• Compressed ignition
• Compresses air only
Structural Components
• Cylinder Block
• Part of engine frame
that contains
cylinders in which
piston moves
• Supports liners &
head
Structural Components
• Cylinder Head/Assembly
• Serves to admit, confine, and release fuel/air
• Cover to cylinder block
• Supports valve train
• Crankcase
• Engine frame section that houses the crankshaft
• Oil sump
• Reservoir for collecting and holding lube oil
Moving Components

• Three Groups – according to motion


• Reciprocating only (pistons and valves)
• Reciprocation & rotary (connecting rods)
• Rotary only (crankshafts and camshafts)
Moving Components
• Piston
• Acted on by combustion gases
• Lightweight but strong/durable
• Piston Rings
• Transfer heat from piston to
cylinder
• Seal cylinder & distribute lube oil
• Piston Pin
• Pivot point connecting piston to
connecting rod
• Connecting Rod
• Connects piston & crankshaft
• reciprocating rotating motion
Moving Components
• Crankshaft
• Combines work done by each piston
• Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.
• Flywheel
• Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of piston
strokes -> smoothes rotation of crankshaft
Moving Components
• Valves
• Intake: open to admit air to
cylinder (with fuel in Otto
cycle)
• Exhaust: open to allow gases to
be rejected
• Camshaft & Cams
• Used to time the addition of
intake and exhaust valves
• Operates valves via pushrods &
rocker arms
Operation

• Increased pressure of combustion gases acts


on piston -> converted to rotary motion
• Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
• 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev
• 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev
Operation
• Engine stroke
• A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by
the piston (from TDC to BDC)
• 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Intake stroke
• Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
• Piston travels from TDC to BDC
• Air drawn in
• Compression stroke
• Intake and exhaust valves shut
• Piston travels from BDC to TDC
• Temperature and pressure of air increase
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Power stroke
• Intake and exhaust valves shut
• Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
• Piston forced from TDC to BDC
• Exhaust stroke
• Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
• Piston moves from BDC to TDC
• Combustion gases expelled
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Strokes
• Intake
• Compression

• Power
• Exhaust
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
• 1 power stroke every crankshaft revolution
(vice every two w/ 4-stroke)
• Uses pressurized air to simultaneously
supply new air and expel combustion gases
• Scavenging
• Exhaust valve open, inlet port exposed
• Pressurized air enters, expels combustion gases
• Piston near BDC
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Compression
• Intake and exhaust valves shut
• Piston travels from BDC to TDC
• Temperature and pressure of air increase
• Power stroke
• Intake and exhaust valves shut
• Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
• Piston forced from TDC to BDC
Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

• Strokes
• Compression

• Power
• (Intake/Exhaust)
Two vs. Four-Stroke Engines
• Two-stroke advantages
• Higher power to weight ratio
• Less complicated valve train
• Four-stroke advantages
• More efficient burning process
• As size increases, power-to-weight ratio
improves
Gasoline vs. Diesel Engine
Supporting Systems
• Air system
• Supplies & removes air/gases
• Air supplied at constant pressure by
blower/compressor
• Fuel System
• Carburetor: mixes air & fuel in proper
proportion (NOT on diesels)
• Fuel injector: sprays fuel in (more efficient)
Supporting Systems
• Ignition system
• Diesel has compression ignition
• Gasoline has spark plugs
• Cooling system
• Uses fresh water and/or salt water to cool
• Lubrication system
• Provide lubrication and cooling
• Drive Train – Direct or Indirect
Safety Precautions
• Noise
• Fuel Flammability
• Maintenance
• Water Issues
Questions?

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