TCP/IP and

IPv4 - Address Classes

TCP/IP in Computer Networking
 History of TCP/IP

• The Defense Advanced Research Projects

Office (DARPA), the investigation department
of the U.S. Department of Defense, made the
TCP/IP shown in the 1970s for utilization in
ARPANET, a wide zone organize that gone
before the web.
TCP/IP was initially planned for the Unix
working framework, and it has been built into
all of the working frameworks that came after
it.
 Characteristics of TCP/IP

• Share Data Transfer: The TCP allows applications to

create channels of communications across a network. It
also permits a message to be separated into smaller
packets before they are transmitted over the web and
after that collected in the right order at the destination
address. So, it guarantees the solid transmission of data
across the channel.
• Internet Protocol: The IP address tells the packets the
address and route so that they reach the proper
destination. It includes a strategy that empowers portal
computers on the internet-connected to arrange forward
the message after checking the IP address.
• Reliability: The most vital feature of TCP is solid data
delivery. In arrange to supply unwavering quality, TCP
must recover information that’s harmed, misplaced,
copied, or conveyed out of arranging by the Arrange
Layer.
• Multiplexing: Multiplexing can be achieved through
the number of ports.
• Connections: Before application forms can send
information by utilizing TCP, the devices must set up a
connection. The associations are made between the
harbor numbers of the sender and the collector devices.
TCP/IP Layers
 How TCP/ IP works?

• TCP/IP employs the client-server demonstration of

communication in which a client or machine (a client)
is given a benefit (like sending a webpage) by another
computer (a server) within the network.
• Collectively, the TCP/IP suite of conventions is
classified as stateless, which suggests each client
request is considered new since it is irrelevant to past
requests. Being stateless liberates up network paths so
they can be utilized continuously.
• The transport layer itself, is stateful. It
transmits a single message, and its connection
remains open until all the packets in a message
have been received and reassembled at the
destination.
• The TCP/IP model differs from the seven-
layer Open System Interconnection (OSI)
model designed after it.
 Application/Uses of TCP/IP

• Some Real-Time Applications are:

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP): It helps to send email to
another email address.
• File Transfer Protocol(FTP): It is used for sending large files.
• Dynamic Host Configure Protocol(DHCP): It assigns the IP address.
• Telnet: Bi-directional text communication via a terminal
application.
• HyperText Transfer Protocol(HTTP): Used to transfer the web
pages.
• Domain Name System(DNS): It translates the website name to IP
addresses.
• Simple Network Time Protocol(SNTP): It provides the time of a day
to the network devices.
 Benefits of TCP/IP

• It is an industry–standard demonstrate that can be viably deployed

in commonsense organizing problems.
• It is interoperable, i.e., it permits cross-platform communications
among heterogeneous networks.
• It is an open convention suite. It isn’t claimed by any specific
established and so can be utilized by any individual or organization.
• It may be versatile, client-server engineering. This permits systems
to be included without disturbing the current services.
• It allots an IP address to each computer on the organize, hence
making each device to be identifiable over the arrange. It allots
each location a space title. It gives the title and addresses
determination administrations.
 What is IPv4?

• IP stands for Internet Protocol and v4 stands

for Version Four (IPv4). IPv4 was the
primary version brought into action for
production within the ARPANET in 1983.
IP version four addresses are 32-bit integers
which will be expressed in hexadecimal
notation.
Parts of IPv4
• Network part:
The network part indicates the distinctive variety that’s
appointed to the network. The network part conjointly
identifies the category of the network that’s assigned.
• Host Part:
The host part uniquely identifies the machine on your
network. This a part of the IPv4 address is assigned to
every host. For each host on the network, the network
part is the same, however, the host half must vary.
• Characteristics of IPv4
• IPv4 could be a 32-Bit IP Address.
• IPv4 could be a numeric address, and its bits
are separated by a dot.
• The number of header fields are twelve and the
length of the header filed is twenty.
• It has Unicast, broadcast, and multicast style
of addresses.
 Classful Addressing

The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub-

classes. These are:

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
• Each of these classes has a valid range of IP
addresses. Classes D and E are reserved for
multicast and experimental purposes
respectively. The order of bits in the first octet
determine the classes of IP address.
• IPv4 address is divided into two parts:
Network ID
Host ID
Cont..
 Note
• IP addresses are globally managed by Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) and
regional Internet registries(RIR).
• While finding the total number of host IP
addresses, 2 IP addresses are not counted and
are therefore, decreased from the total count
because the first IP address of any network is
the network number and whereas the last IP
address is reserved for broadcast IP.
 Class A
• IP address belonging to class A are assigned to
the networks that contain a large number of
hosts.
• The network ID is 8 bits long.
• The host ID is 24 bits long.
• The higher order bit of the first octet in class A is
always set to 0. The remaining 7 bits in first octet
are used to determine network ID. The 24 bits of
host ID are used to determine the host in any
network. The default subnet mask for class A is
255.x.x.x. Therefore, class A has a total of:
• 2^7-2= 126 network ID(Here 2 address is
subtracted because 0.0.0.0 and 127.x.y.z are
special address. )
• 2^24 – 2 = 16,777,214 host ID
• IP addresses belonging to class A ranges from
1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x
 Class B
• IP address belonging to class B are assigned to
the networks that ranges from medium-sized to
large-sized networks.
• The network ID is 16 bits long.
• The host ID is 16 bits long.
• The higher order bits of the first octet of IP
addresses of class B are always set to 10. The
remaining 14 bits are used to determine network
ID. The 16 bits of host ID is used to determine the
host in any network. The default sub-net mask for
class B is 255.255.x.x. Class B has a total of:
• 2^14 = 16384 network address
• 2^16 – 2 = 65534 host address
• IP addresses belonging to class B ranges from
128.0.x.x – 191.255.x.x.
 Class C
• IP address belonging to class C are assigned to
small-sized networks.
• The network ID is 24 bits long.
• The host ID is 8 bits long.
• The higher order bits of the first octet of IP
addresses of class C are always set to 110. The
remaining 21 bits are used to determine network
ID. The 8 bits of host ID is used to determine the
host in any network. The default sub-net mask for
class C is 255.255.255.x. Class C has a total of:
• 2^21 = 2097152 network address
• 2^8 – 2 = 254 host address
• IP addresses belonging to class C ranges from
192.0.0.x – 223.255.255.x.
 Class D
• IP address belonging to class D are reserved
for multi-casting. The higher order bits of the
first octet of IP addresses belonging to class D
are always set to 1110. The remaining bits are
for the address that interested hosts recognize.
• Class D does not posses any sub-net mask. IP
addresses belonging to class D ranges from
224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255.
 Class E

• IP addresses belonging to class E are reserved

for experimental and research purposes. IP
addresses of class E ranges from 240.0.0.0 –
255.255.255.254. This class doesn’t have any
sub-net mask. The higher order bits of first
octet of class E are always set to 1111.