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Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 1

 Chapter 4
Applications of Derivatives

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 4.1
Extreme Values of Functions

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 Quick Review

Find the first derivative of the function.

1. f ( x )  3 - x
1
2. f ( x) 
x 1 2

3
Find the limits for f ( x)  .
4- x 2

3. lim f ( x )
x  2

4. lim f ( x )
x  2-

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 Quick Review

 x  1, x  2
2

Let f ( x)  
 x  4, x  2
5. Find f '(1).
6. Find f '(2).
7. Find the domain for f '( x).
8. Write a formula for f '( x).

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 5
 Quick Review Solutions

Find the first derivative of the function.

1
1. f ( x)  3 - x f '( x) 
2 3 x
1 x
2. f ( x )  f '( x) 
 x  1
3/ 2

x 1
2 2

3
Find the limits for f ( x)  .
4- x 2

3. lim f ( x) does not exist

x  2

4. lim f ( x) 
x  2-

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 Quick Review Solutions

 x  1, x  2
2

Let f ( x)  
 x  4, x  2
5. Find f '(1). 2
6. Find f '(2). Undefined
7. Find the domain for f '( x). x  2
 2 x, x  2
8. Write a formula for f '( x). f '( x)  
1, x  2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 7
 What you’ll learn about

 Absolute (Global) Extreme Values

 Local (Relative) Extreme Values
 Finding Extreme Values

…and why
Finding maximum and minimum values of a
function, called optimization, is an important
issue in real-world problems.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 8
 Absolute Extreme Values

Let f be a function with domain D. Then f (c) is the

(a) absolute maximum value on D if and only if f ( x)  f (c) for all x in D.
(b) absolute minimum value on D if and only if f ( x)  f (c) for all x in D.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 9
 The Extreme Value Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has both a maximum
value and a minimum value on the interval.

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 Classifying Extreme Values

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 Local Extreme Values

Let c be an interior point of the domain of the function f . Then f (c) is a

(a) local maximum value at c if and only if f ( x)  f (c) for all x in some
open interval containing c.
(b) local minimum value at c if and only if f ( x)  f (c) for all x in some
open interval containing c.

A function f has a local maximum or local minimum at an endpoint c if

the appropriate inequality holds for all x in some half-open domain
interval containing c.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 12
 Local Extreme Values

If a function f has a local maximum value or a local minimum value at

an interior point c of its domain, and if f ' exists at c, then f '(c)  0.

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 Critical Points

A point in the interior of the domain of a function f at which f '  0 or f ' does
not exist is a critical point of f .

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 Example Finding Absolute Extrema

Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f ( x)  3x 2/3

on the
interval [-1, 2].

2
Find the critical point values: f '( x)  has no zeros but is undefined at x  0.
3
x
Critical point value: f (0)  0
Endpoint values: f (1)  3;
f (2)  3  2   4.762
2/3

The absolute maximum value is 4.762 and occurs at x  2.

The absolute minimum value is 0 and occurs at x  0.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 15
 Example Finding Extreme Values
1
Find the extreme values of f ( x)  .
9 x 2

f is defined for 9 - x  0, so its domain is the interval (  3,3). Since the domain
2

has no endpoints, all the extreme values must occur at critical points.
1
f ( x)   9 x 
-1/ 2
2

9- x 2

1 x
f '( x)    9  x   2 x  
2 3 / 2

9 x 
3/ 2
2 2

The only critical point is at x  0. The only candidate for an extreme value is
f (0)  1/ 3. To determine whether 1/3 is an extreme value of f , examine f ( x).
As x moves away from 0 on either side, the denominator gets smaller, the
values of f increase and the graph rises. There is an absolute minimum at
x  0. The function has no maxima, either local or absolute.

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 4.2
Mean Value Theorem

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 Quick Review

Find exact solutions to the inequality.

1. 2 x  4  0
2

2. 4 x  4  0
2

Let f ( x )  6 - 2 x . 2

3. Find the domain of f .

4. Where is f continuous?
5. Where is f differentiable?

6. Given f ( x)  x  3 x  C. Find C so that the graph of the

2

function f passes through the point (1,  1).

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 18
 Quick Review Solutions
Find exact solutions to the inequality.
1. 2 x  4  0
2
 2, 2 
2. 4 x  4  0
2
 , 1   1,  

Let f ( x)  6 - 2 x . 2

3. Find the domain of f .   3, 3 

4. Where is f continuous?   3, 3 

5. Where is f differentiable?  3, 3 
6. Given f ( x)  x  3 x  C. Find C so that the graph of the
2

function f passes through the point (1,  1). C  5

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 19
 What you’ll learn about

 Mean Value Theorem

 Physical Interpretation
 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
 Other Consequences

…and why
The Mean Value Theorem is an important theoretical
tool to connect the average and instantaneous rates of
change.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 20
 Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

If y  f ( x) is continuous at every point of the closed interval  a, b and

differentiable at every point of its interior  a, b  , then there is at least
f (b) - f (a )
one point c in  a, b  at which f '(c)  .
b-a

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 21
 Example Explore the Mean Value
Theorem
Show that the function f ( x)  x satisfies the hypothesis of the Mean Value
2

Theorem on the interval  0,2 . Then find a solution c to the equation

f (b) - f (a )
f '(c)  on this interval.
b-a

The function f ( x)  x is continuous on  0,2

2

and differentiable on  0,2  .

Since f (0)  0, f (2)  4, and f '( x)  2 x
f (b) - f (a )
f '(c ) 
b-a
40
2c 
20
2c  2
c  1.
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 Increasing Function, Decreasing Function

Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let x and x 1 2

be any two points in I .

1. f increases on I if x  x 1 2
 f ( x )  f ( x ).
1 2

2. f decreases on I if x  x 1 2
 f ( x )  f ( x ).
1 2

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 Corollary: Increasing and Decreasing
Functions

Let f be continuous on  a, b  and differentiable on  a, b  .

1. If f '  0 at each point of  a, b  , then f increases on  a, b  .
2. If f '  0 at each point of  a, b  , then f decreases on  a, b  .

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 24
 Example Determining Where Graphs
Rise or Fall
Where is the function f ( x)  2 x  12 x increasing and where is it decreasing?
3

The function is increasing when f '( x)  0.

6 x  12  0
2

x 2
2

x   2 or x  2
The function is decreasing when f '( x)  0.
6 x  12  0
2

x 2
2

 2x 2

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 Corollary: Functions with f’=0 are Constant

If f '( x )  0 at each point of an interval I , then there is a

constant C for which f ( x)  C for all x in I .

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 Corollary: Functions with the Same
Derivative Differ by a Constant

If f '( x)  g '( x) at each point of an interval I , then there is a constant

C such that f ( x)  g ( x )  C for all x in I .

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 Antiderivative

A function F ( x) is an antiderivative of a function f ( x) if F '( x)  f ( x)

for all x in the domain of f . The process of finding an antiderivative
is antidifferentiation.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 28
 Example Finding Velocity and Position
Find the velocity and position functions of a freely falling body for
the following set of conditions:
The acceleration is 9.8 m/sec and the body falls from rest.
2

Assume that the body is released at time t  0.

Velocity: We know that a(t )  9.8 and v(0)  0, so
v(t )  9.8t  C
v(0)  0  C
C  0. The velocity function is v(t )  9.8t.
Position: We know that v(t )  9.8t and s (0)  0, so
s (t )  4.9t  C
2

s (0)  0  C
C  0. The position function is s(t )  4.9t . 2

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 4.3
Connecting f ’ and f ” with the graph
of f

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 Quick Review

Factor the expression and use sign charts to solve the inequality.
1. x  4  0
2

2. x  9 x  0
3

Find the domain of f and f '.

3. f ( x )  2 xe x

4. f ( x )  x 1/ 3

x
5. f ( x ) 
x -1

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 Quick Review

Find the horizontal assymptotes of the function's graph.

6. f ( x)   9 - x  e 2 x

7. f ( x)   9 - x  e 2 x

300
8. f ( x) 
1  10e 0.5 x

300
9. f ( x) 
2  10e 0.5 x

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 32
 Quick Review Solutions

Factor the expression and use sign charts to solve the inequality.
1. x  4  0
2
 -2, 2 
2. x 3
 9 x  0  3, 0   (3, )

Find the domain of f and f '.

3. f ( x)  2 xe f : all reals; f ': all reals
x

4. f ( x)  x 1/ 3
f : all reals; f ': x  0
x
5. f ( x)  f : x  1; f ': x  1
x -1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 33
 Quick Review Solutions

Find the horizontal assymptotes of the function's graph.

6. f ( x)   9 - x  e 2 x
y0
7. f ( x)   9 - x  e 2 x
y0
300
8. f ( x)  y  0 and y  300
1  10e 0.5 x

300
9. f ( x)  y  0 and y  150
2  10e 0.5 x

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 34
 What you’ll learn about

 First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

 Concavity
 Points of Inflection
 Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema
 Learning about Functions from Derivatives

…and why
Differential calculus is a powerful problem-solving tool
precisely because of its usefulness for analyzing
functions.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 35
 First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 36
 First Derivative Test for Local Extrema
The following test applies to a continuous function f(x).
At a critical point c :
1. If f ' changes sign from positive to negative at c, then f
has a local maximum value at c.
2. If f ' changes sign from negative to positive at c, then f
has a local minimum value at c.
3. If f ' does not change sign at c, then f has no local
extreme value at c.
At a left endpoint a :
If f '  0 ( f '  0) for x  a, then f has a local maximum (minimum)
value at a.
At a right endpoint b :
If f '  0 ( f '  0) for x  b, then f has a local minimum (maximum)
value at b.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 37
 Example Using the First Derivative Test
Use the First Derivative Test to find the local extreme values. Identify
any absolute extrema. f ( x)  x  27 x  3 3

Since f is differentiable for all real numbers, the only critical points are the zeros
of f '. Solving f '( x)  3 x  27  0, we find the zeros to be x  3, and x  3.
2

The zeros partition the x-axis into three intervals. Use a sign chart to find the
sign on each interval. The First Derivative Test and the sign of f ' tells us that
there is a local maximum at x  3 and a local minimum at x  3. The local
maximum value is f (3)  57 and the local mimimum value is f (3)  51.
The range of f ( x) is (-, ) so there is no absolute extrema.

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 Concavity

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 Concavity

The graph of a differentiable function y  f ( x) is

(a) concave up on an open interval I if y ' is increasing on I .
(b) concave down on an open interval I if y ' is decreasing on I .

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 40
 Concavity Test

The graph of a twice-differentiable function y  f ( x) is

(a) concave up on an open interval where y "  0.
(b) concave down on an open interval where y "  0.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 41
 Example Determining Concavity

Use the Concavity Test to determine the concavity of f ( x)  x on the 2

interval (2,8).

Since y "  2 is always positive, the graph of y  x is concave 2

up on any interval. In particular, it is concave up on (2,8).

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 42
 Point of Inflection

A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and where
the concavity changes is a point of inflection.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 43
 Example Finding Points of Inflection

Find all points of inflection of the graph of y  2e . - x2

Find the second derivative of y  2e . - x2

y '  2e  2 x   4 xe
- x2 - x2

y "  4e   4 x  e  2 x 
- x2 - x2

 4e   8 x  e
- x2 2 - x2

 4e  1  2 x 
- x2 2

The factor 4e is always positive. The factor  1  2 x

- x2 2
 changes sign
1  1 2   1 2 
at x   . The points of inflection are   ,  and  , .
2  2 e  2 e

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 44
 Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

1. If f '(c)  0 and f "(c)  0, then f has a local maximum at x  c.

2. If f '(c)  0 and f "(c)  0, then f has a local minimum at x  c.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 45
 Example Using the Second Derivative
Test
Find the local extreme values of f ( x)  x  6 x  5. 3

f '( x)  3 x  6
2

f "( x)  6 x.
Test the critical points x   2.
 
f "  2  6 2  0  f has a local maximum at x   2 and

f " 2   6 2  0  f has a local minimum at x  2.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 46
 Learning about Functions from Derivatives

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 47
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

You should solve these problems without using a graphing calculator.

1. How many critical points does the function f ( x)   x - 2   x  3 have?
2 4

(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Five
(E) Nine

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 48
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

You should solve these problems without using a graphing calculator.

1. How many critical points does the function f ( x)   x - 2   x  3 have?
2 4

(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Five
(E) Nine

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 49
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

2. For what value of x does the function f ( x)   x  2   x  3 have a

2

relative maximum?
(A)  3
(B)  7 / 3
(C)  5 / 2
(D) 7/3
(E) 5/2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 50
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

2. For what value of x does the function f ( x)   x  2   x  3 have a

2

relative maximum?
(A)  3
(B)  7 / 3
(C)  5 / 2
(D) 7/3
(E) 5/2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 51
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

3. If g is a differentiable function such that g ( x)  0 for all real

numbers x, and if f '( x)   x  9  g ( x), which of the following
2

is true?
(A) f has a relative maximum at x  3 and a relative minimum
at x  3.
(B) f has a relative minimum at x  3 and a relative maximum
at x  3.
(C) f has a relative minima at x  3 and at x  3.
(D) f has a relative maxima at x  3 and at x  3.
(E) It cannot be determined if f has any relative extrema.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 52
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.1-4.3

3. If g is a differentiable function such that g ( x)  0 for all real

numbers x, and if f '( x)   x  9  g ( x), which of the following
2

is true?
(A) f has a relative maximum at x  3 and a relative minimum
at x  3.
(B) f has a relative minimum at x  3 and a relative maximum
at x  3.
(C) f has a relative minima at x  3 and at x  3.
(D) f has a relative maxima at x  3 and at x  3.
(E) It cannot be determines if f has any relative extrema.

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 4.4
Modeling and Optimization

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

 Quick Review

1. Use the first derivative test to identify the local extrema of

y  x  6 x  12 x  9.
3 2

2. Use the second derivative test to identify the local extrema of

y  2 x  3 x  12 x  1
3 2

3. Find the volume of a cone with radius 4 cm and height 7 cm.

Rewrite the expression as a trigonometric function of the angle  .
4. sin(  ) 5. cos(  )
6. Use substitution to find the exact solution of the following system
of equations.
x  y  4
2 2


 y  3x

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 55
 Quick Review Solutions

1. Use the first derivative test to identify the local extrema of

y  x  6 x  12 x  9. none
3 2

2. Use the second derivative test to identify the local extrema of

y  2 x  3 x  12 x  1 Local maximum: (-2, 19); Local minimum (1, -8)
3 2

112
3. Find the volume of a cone with radius 4 cm and height 7 cm. cm 3

3
Rewrite the expression as a trigonometric function of the angle  .
4. sin( )  sin 5. cos( ) cos
6. Use substitution to find the exact solution of the following system
of equations.  1, 3  ;  1,  3 
x  y  4
2 2


 y  3x

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 56
 What you’ll learn about

 Examples from Mathematics

 Examples from Business and Industry
 Examples from Economics
 Modeling Discrete Phenomena with Differentiable
Functions

…and why
Historically, optimization problems were among the
earliest applications of what we now call differential
calculus.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 57
 Strategy for Solving Max-Min Problems
1. Understand the Problem Read the problem carefully. Identify the information
you need to solve the problem.
2. Develop a Mathematical Model of the Problem Draw pictures and label the
parts that are important to the problem. Introduce a variable to represent the
quantity to be maximized or minimized. Using that variable, write a function
whose extreme value gives the information sought.
3. Graph the function Find the domain of the function. Determine what values
of the variable make sense in the problem.
4. Identify the Critical Points and Endpoints Find where the derivative is zero or
fails to exist.
5. Solve the Mathematical Model If unsure of the result, support or confirm your
solution with another method.
6. Interpret the Solution Translate your mathematical result into the problem setting
and decide whether the result makes sense.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 58
 Example Inscribing Rectangles
A rectangle is to be inscribed under one arch of the sine curve. What is the largest
area the rectangle can have, and what dimensions give that area?

Let ( x, sin x) be the coordinates of point P and the x-coordinate of Q is (  x).

Thus   2 x = length of rectangle and sin x = height of rectangle.
A( x)     2 x  sin x where 0  x   / 2. Notice that A(0)  A( / 2)  0. Find the
critical values: A '( x)  2sin x     2 x  cos x. Let A '( x)  0 and use a graphing
calculator to find the solution(s). A '( x)  0 at x  0.71. The area of the rectangle
is A(0.71)  1.12, where the length is 1.72 and its height is 0.65.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 59
 Maximum Profit
Maximim profit (if any) occurs at a production level at which marginal
revenue equals marginal cost.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 60
 Example Maximizing Profit
Suppose that r ( x)  9 x and c( x)  x  6 x  15 x, where x represents thousands
3 2

of units. Is there a production level that maximizes profit? If so, what is it?

Set r '( x)  9 equal to c '( x)  3 x  12 x  15. 2

3 x  12 x  15  9
2

3 x  12 x  6  0
2

Use the quadratic equation to find

x  2  2  0.586
1

x  2  2  3.414
2

Use a graph to determine that the maximum profit occurs at x  3.414.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 61
 Minimizing Average Cost

The production level (if any) at which average cost is smallest is a

level at which the average cost equals the marginal cost.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 62
 4.5
Linearization and Newton’s Method

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

 Quick Review

Find dy / dx.
1. sin x 2

2 x  cos x
2.
x 1
Solve the equation graphically.
3. xe  1  0
-x

4. x  3x  1  0
3

5. Let f ( x )  xe  1. Write an equation for the line tangent to f at x  0.

-x

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 64
 Quick Review Solutions

Find dy / dx.
1. sin x 2 x cos x
2 2

2 x  cos x 2  x sin x  sin x  cos x

2.
x 1  x  1
2

Solve the equation graphically.

3. xe  1  0 x  0.567
-x

4. x  3 x  1  0 x  0.322
3

5. Let f ( x)  xe  1. Write an equation for the line tangent to f at x  0.

-x

y  x 1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 65
 What you’ll learn about

 Linear Approximation
 Newton’s Method
 Differentials
 Estimating Change with Differentials
 Absolute, Relative, and Percent Change
 Sensitivity to Change

…and why
Engineering and science depend on approximation in most
practical applications; it is important to understand how
approximation techniques work.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 66
 Linearization

If f is differentiable at x  a, then the equation of the tangent line,

L( x)  f (a )  f '(a)( x - a ), defines the linearization of f at a. The
approximation f ( x)  L( x) is the standard linear approximation
of f at a. The point x  a is the center of the approximation.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 67
 Example Finding a Linearization
Find the linearization of f ( x)  cos x at x   / 2 and use it to approximate
cos 1.75 without a calculator.
Since f ( / 2)  cos( / 2)  0, the point of tangency is ( / 2, 0). The slope of the
  
tangent line is f '( / 2)   sin( / 2)  1. Thus L( x)  0  ( 1)  x     x  .
 2 2

To approximate cos 1.75  f (1.75)  L(1.75)  1.75  .
2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 68
 Procedure for Newton’s Method

1. Guess a first approximation to a solution of the equation f ( x)  0.

A graph of y  f ( x) may help.
2. Use the first approximation to get a second, the second to get a third,
f (x )
and so on, using the formula x  x  n

f '( x )
n 1 n

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 69
 Procedure for Newton’s Method

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 70
 Using Newton’s Method

Use Newton's method to solve x  3x  1  0. 3

Let f ( x)  x  3 x  1, then f '( x)  3 x  3 and

3 2

f (x ) x  3x  1 3

x x   x x  n n n

f '( x ) 3x  3
n 1 n n 1 n 2

n n

A graph suggests that x  0.3 is a good first approximation. Then,

1

x  0.3
1

x  0.322324159
2

x  0.3221853603
3

x  0.3221853546
4
The x for n  5 all appear to equal x on the calculator.
n 4

The solution to x  3 x  1  0 is about  0.3221853546.

3

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 71
 Differentials

Let y  f ( x ) be a differentiable function. The differential dx is an

independent variable. The differential dy is dy  f '( x)dx.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 72
 Example Finding the Differential dy

Find the differential dy and evaluate dy for the given value of x and dx.
y  x  2 x, x  1, dx  0.01
5

dy   5 x  2  dx
4

dy   5  2   0.01
 0.07

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 73
 Differential Estimate of Change

Let f ( x) be differentiable at x  a. The approximate change in the value of

f when x changes from a to a  dx is df  f '(a) dx.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 74
 Estimating Change with Differentials

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 75
 Example Estimating Change with
Differentials
The radius of a circle increases from a  5 m to 5.1 m. Use dA to estimate
the increase in the circle's area A.

Since A   r , the estimated increase is

2

dA  2 rdr  2  5   0.1   m 2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 76
 4.6
Related Rates

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

 Quick Review

1. Find the distance between the points (0,5) and (3,0).

Find dy / dx.
2. 2 xy  y  x  2
3. x sin y  x  y
4. ln( x  y )  3 x

5. Let x  2 cos t , y  2sin t. Find a parameter interval that produces the

portion in the second and third quadrants, including the points on
the axes.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 78
 Quick Review Solutions

1. Find the distance between the points (0,5) and (3,0). 34

Find dy / dx.
1 2 y
2. 2 xy  y  x  2 y' 
2x 1
1  sin y
3. x sin y  x  y y ' 
x cos y  1
4. ln( x  y )  3 x y '  3 x  y  1

5. Let x  2 cos t , y  2sin t. Find a parameter interval that produces the

portion in the second and third quadrants, including the points on
 3
the axes. t 
2 2
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 79
 What you’ll learn about

 Related Rate Equations

 Solution Strategy
 Simulating Related Motion

…and why
Related rate problems are at the heart of
Newtonian mechanics; it was essentially to solve
such problems that calculus was invented.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 80
 Strategy for Solving Related Rate Problems

1. Understand the Problem In particular, identify the variable whose rate of change
you seek and the variable (or variables) whose rate of change you know.
2. Develop a Mathematical Model of the Problem Draw pictures (many of these
problems involve geometric figures) and label the parts that are important to the
problem. Be sure to distinguish constant quantities from variables that change over
time. Only constant quantities can be assigned numerical values at the start.
3. Write an equation relating the variable whose rate of change you seek with
the variable(s) whose rate of change you know. The formula is often geometric,
but it could come from a scientific application.
4. Differentiate both sides of the equation implicitly with respect to time.
Be sure to follow all the differentiation rules. The Chain Rule will be especially
critical, as you will be differentiating with respect to the parameter t.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 81
 Strategy for Solving Related Rate Problem

5. Substitute values for any quantities that depend on time. Notice that it is only
safe to do this after the differentiation step. Substituting too soon "freezes the
picture" and makes changeable variables behave like constants, with zero derivatives.
6. Interpret the Solution Translate your mathematical result into the problem setting
(with appropriate units) and decide whether the result makes sense.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 82
 Example A Highway Chase

A police cruiser, approaching a right-angled intersection from the north, is chasing

a speeding car that has turned the corner and is now moving straight east. When the
cruiser is 0.8 mi north of the intersection and the car is 0.6 mi to the east, the police
determine with radar that the distance between them and the car is increasing at
15 mph. If the cruiser is moving at 60 mph at the instant of measurement, what
is the speed of the car?

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 83
 Example A Highway Chase (cont’d)

Let x  the distance of the speeding car from the intersection.

Let y  the distance of the police car from the intersection.
Let z  the distance between the two cars.
We know that dz / dt  15, dy / dt  60, x  0.6, y  0.8, and z  1.
Use the known information and the Pythagorean Theorem to find dx / dt.
d d dx dy dz
 x  y   z  2x  2 y  2z
2 2 2

dt dt dt dt dt
dx
2  0.6   2  0.8   60   2  1  15 
dt
dx
 105 The speeding car is travelling at 105 mph.
dt

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 84
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

You may use a graphing calculator to solve the following problems.

1. If Newton's method is used to approximate the real root of
x  2 x  1  0, what would the third approximation, x , be if
3

the first approximation is x  1? 1

(A) 0.453
(B) 0.465
(C) 0.495
(D) 0.600
(E) 1.977

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 85
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

You may use a graphing calculator to solve the following problems.

1. If Newton's method is used to approximate the real root of
x  2 x  1  0, what would the third approximation, x , be if
3
3

the first approximation is x  1? 1

(A) 0.453
(B) 0.465
(C) 0.495
(D) 0.600
(E) 1.977

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 86
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

2. The sides of a right triangle with legs x and y and hypotenuse z

increase in such a way that dz / dt  1 and dx / dt  3dy / dt. At the instant
when x  4 and y  3, what is dx / dt ?
(A) 1/3
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 5
(E) 5

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 87
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

2. The sides of a right triangle with legs x and y and hypotenuse z

increase in such a way that dz / dt  1 and dx / dt  3dy / dt. At the instant
when x  4 and y  3, what is dx / dt ?
(A) 1/3
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 5
(E) 5

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 88
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

3. An observer 70 meters south of a railroad crossing watches an eastbound

train traveling at 60 meters per second. At how many meters per second is the
train moving away from the observer 4 seconds after it passes through the
intersection?
(A) 57.60
(B) 57.88
(C) 59.20
(D) 60.00
(E) 67.40

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 89
 Quick Quiz for Sections 4.4-4.6

3. An observer 70 meters south of a railroad crossing watches an eastbound

train traveling at 60 meters per second. At how many meters per second is the
train moving away from the observer 4 seconds after it passes through the
intersection?
(A) 57.60
(B) 57.88
(C) 59.20
(D) 60.00
(E) 67.40

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 90
 Chapter Test

1. Given f ( x)  x e . Use analytic methods to find the intervals on which f is

2 1/ x 2

(a) increasing
(b) decreasing
(c) concave up
(d) concave down
Then find any
(e) local extreme values
(f) inflection points

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 91
 Chapter Test

2. Use y '  6  x  1  x  2  to find the points at which f has a

2

(a) local maximum

(b) local minimum
(c) point of inflection

3. Find the function with the derivative f '( x)  sin x  cos x whose graph
passes through the point ( ,3).

4. Find the linearization L( x) of f ( x)  tan x at x   / 4.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 92
 Chapter Test

5. Let f ( x)  x ln x on the interval ( a, b)  (0.5,3).

f (b) - f ( a)
(a) Find the value(s) of c in ( a, b) for which f '(c)  .
b-a
(b) Write an equation for the secant line AB where A  (a, f ( a))
and B  (b, f (b)).
(c) Write an equation for the tangent line that is parallel to the
secant line AB.

6. Let f be a function with f '( x)  sin x and f (0)  -1. 2

(a) Find the linearization of f at x  0.

(b) Approximate the value of f at x  0.1.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 93
 Chapter Test
7. Find the height and radius of the largest right circular cylinder that
can be put into a sphere of radius 3 as described in the figure below.

8. The coordinates of a particle moving in the plane are differentiable

functions of time t with dx / dt  -1 m/sec and dy / dt  -5 m/sec. How
fast is the particle approaching the origin as it passes through the
point (5, 12)?
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 94
 Chapter Test

9. Write a formula that estimates the change that occurs in the volume of a right
circular cone when the radius changes from a to a  dr and the height does not
change.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 95
 Chapter Test Solutions

1. Given f ( x)  x e . Use analytic methods to find the intervals on which f is

2 1/ x 2

(a) increasing [-1,0) and [1,)

(b) decreasing (-,-1] and (0,1]
(c) concave up (-,0) and (0,)
(d) concave down none
Then find any
(e) local extreme values at x  -1
(f) inflection points none

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 96
 Chapter Test Solutions

2. Use y '  6  x  1  x  2  to find the points at which f has a

2

(a) local maximum none

(b) local minimum at x  1
(c) point of inflection at x  0 and x  2

3. Find the function with the derivative f '( x)  sin x  cos x whose graph
passes through the point ( ,3). f ( x)   cos x  sin x  2

4. Find the linearization L( x) of f ( x)  tan x at x   / 4.


L( x )  2 x   1
2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 97
 Chapter Test Solutions

5. Let f ( x)  x ln x on the interval ( a, b)  (0.5,3).

f (b) - f (a )
(a) Find the value(s) of c in ( a, b) for which f '(c )  . c  1.579
b-a
(b) Write an equation for the secant line AB where A  ( a, f (a ))
and B  (b, f (b)). y  1.457 x  1.075
(c) Write an equation for the tangent line that is parallel to the
secant line AB. y  1.457 x  1.579

6. Let f be a function with f '( x)  sin x and f (0)  -1. 2

(a) Find the linearization of f at x  0. L( x)  1

(b) Approximate the value of f at x  0.1. f (0.1)  1

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 98
 Chapter Test Solutions
7. Find the height and radius of the largest right circular cylinder that
can be put into a sphere of radius 3 as described in the figure below.
Height = 2; Radius = 2

8. The coordinates of a particle moving in the plane are differentiable

functions of time t with dx / dt  -1 m/sec and dy / dt  -5 m/sec. How
fast is the particle approaching the origin as it passes through the
point (5, 12)? 5 m/sec
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 99
 Chapter Test Solutions
9. Write a formula that estimates the change that occurs in the volume of a right
circular cone when the radius changes from a to a  dr and the height does not
2 ah
change. dV  dr
3

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 4- 100