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FM-1, L # 06
FLUID KINEMATICSs
FM-1,L # 01

Fluid Mechanics-1

Prepared by
Prof: Abdul Samad
Mechanical Engineering department.
2015.

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 FLUID
KINEMATICS
FLUID KINEMATICS
What is fluid kinematics?
 Fluid kinematics is the study on fluid motion in
space and time without considering the force
which causes the fluid motion, where pressure
forces are not considered.
 According to the continuum hypothesis the local
velocity of fluid is the velocity of an
infinitesimally small fluid particle/element at a
given instant .
 It is generally a continuous function in space and
time.
VELOCITY FIELD
 Eulerian Flow Description
 Lagrangian Flow Description
 Flow visualization
 Types of flow
 Continuity equation
IN THE EULERIAN METHOD


 The flow quantities, like u , p,  , T ,
are
described as a function of space and time
without referring to any individual identity
of the fluid particle :
 
u (r , t )
IN THE LAGRANGIAN METHOD
 The flow quantities are described for each
individually identifiable fluid particle moving
through flow field of interest. The position of the
individual fluid particle
  is a function of time :
V (r (t ))
Lagrangian vs. Eulerian frames of
reference
X2
t1
t0

Lagrangian x x particle path

~0 ~

X1

* Following individual particle as it moves along path…

At t = t0 position vector x ( t ) is located at x ( t 0 )  x

~ ~ ~ 0

Any flow variable can be expressed as F(x,t)

~
following particle position which can be expressed as x(x , t)
~ ~0
Definitions, conventions & concepts
• Motion of fluid is typically described by velocity V

V  V ( x, y , z , t )
 
Dimensionality Steady or Unsteady

• Given above there are two frames of reference for

describing this motion
Lagrangian Eulerian
“moving reference frame” “stationary reference frame”

• • Focus on behavior of group of

Pathline particles at a particular point
• Focus on behavior of particular
particles as they move with the
flow
 Steady flow : the streamlines are fixed in space for all
time.
 Unsteady flow : the streamlines are changing from
instant to instant.
STREAMLINE

 A line in the fluid whose tangent is parallel u
to at a given instant t.
 The family of streamlines at time t are
solutions of
dx dy dz
    
u x (r , t ) u y (r , t ) u z (r , t )

  
ux , uy , and uz
 Where are velocity
components in the respective direction
FLOW DIMENSIONALITY
 Most of the real flow are
3-dimensional and unsteady :
 For many situations simplifications can be

made : u ( x, y , z , t )

2-dimensional unsteady and steady flow

 
u ( x , y , t ) ; u ( x, y )
1-dimensional unsteady and steady flow
 
u ( x, t ) ; u ( x )
PATHLINE


 A line traced by an individual fluid particle
r (t:)

 For a steady flow the pathlines are identical

with the streamlines.
STREAKLINE
 A streakline consists of all fluid particles
in a flow that have previously passed
through a common point. Such a line can
be produced by continuously injecting
marked fluid (smoke in air, or dye in
water) at a given location.

 For steady flow : The streamline, the

pathline, and the streakline are the same.
 STREAM-TUBE AND CONTINUITY
EQUATION

 Stream-tube

 Continuity Equation of a Steady Flow

STREAM-TUBE
 is the surface formed instantaneously by all the
streamlines that pass through a given closed
curve in the fluid.
  Types Of Fluid Flow:-
1) Steady & Unsteady Flows.

2) Uniform & Non-uniform Flows.

3) Laminar & Turbulent Flows.

4) Compressible & Incompressible Flows.

5) Rotational & Irrotational Flows.

6) One , Two & Three Dimensional

Flows.
 Steady & Unsteady Flows:-

 Steady Flows:-

 In which the fluid Characteristics

Like velocity, pressure, density , etc.
At a Point do not change with time.
 Unsteady Flow:-

 In which the fluid

velocity , pressure
or density at a
point changes
with respect to
time.
Changing in time
  Uniform & Non-uniform
Flow :-

Uniform Flow:-

In which the velocity at given

time does not change with respect
to space ( length of direction of
the flow ).
Non-Uniform
Flow:-
 In which the
Changing in space
velocity at any
time changes with
respect to space.
  LAMINAR & TURBULENT
FLOWS:-

 Laminar Flow:-
 in which the
fluid particles
move along well
defined paths or
stream line.

Fig. Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow:-

 fluid moves in
very irregular paths
or zig –zag Way.

efficient mixing.

velocity at a point
fluctuates. Fig. Turbulent Flow
Compressible & Incompressible Flows:-

Compressible Flows:-

In which the density of the fluid changes

from point to point.
The density is not constant for the fluid.

Incompressible Flows:-

 In which the density of fluid changes from point to

point.
 the density is constant for the fluid.
 Rotational & Irrotational Flows:-

Rotational Flows :-

In which the fluid particles while flowing

along stream lines, Also rotate about their
own axis.

Irrotational Flows:-

In which the fluid particles while flowing

along stream lines, do not rotate about their
own axis.
  One , Two & Three Dimensional
Flows:-
 One Dimensional Flow:-

In which the flow parameter

such as velocity is a function of
time and

one space co-ordinate only.

 Two Dimensional Flows:-

In which the velocity is a

function of time and

two rectangular space

co-ordinates.
  Three Dimensional Flows:-

In which the velocity is the

function of time and

Three mutually perpendicular

directions.
Streamline:-
A Streamline is a curve that is everywhere
tangent to the instantaneous local
velocity vector.

It has the direction of the velocity vector

at each point no. of flow across the streamline.
STREAMLINES
V22, b22

V11, b11

Ideal flow machine

steady flow
streamlines are
fixed in space.

 But, unsteady
flow
streamlines
moves. Fig. Streamline
 Pathline:-

A Pathline is the actual path travelled

by an individual fluid particle over
some time period.

Same as the fluid particle's material

position vector .
 And the path of a particle same as
Streamline for Steady Flow.

Fig. Pathline
 Streakline:-

A streakline is the locus of fluid

particles that have passed sequentially
through a prescribed point in the flow.

Easy to generate in experiments like

dye in a water flow, or smoke in an
airflow.
 v
Steady flow v Streamlines
v
y

• Individual particles must travel on paths whose tangent is

always in direction of the fluid velocity at the point.

 In steady flows, (Lagrangian) path lines are the same as

(Eulerian) streamlines.
 Flow Visualization:-
Flow Visualization is the visual examination of
flow-field features.

Important for both physical experiments and

Numerical Solutions.

Numerous Methods:-
1) Streamlines.

2) Pathlines.

3) Streaklines.
Streamline:-
A Streamline is a curve that is everywhere
tangent to the instantaneous local
velocity vector.

It has the direction of the velocity vector

at each point no. of flow across the
streamline.
steady flow
streamlines are
fixed in space.

 But, unsteady
flow
streamlines
moves. Fig. Streamline
 Pathline:-

A Pathline is the actual path

travelled by an individual fluid
particle over some time period.

Same as the fluid particle's

material position vector .
Eulerian
* Concentrating on what happens at spatial point x
~ 0

Any flow variable can be expressed as F(x ,t)

~0

Local time-rate of change: F

t
Local spatial gradient:
F
xi
This only describes local change at point x in Eulerian
~ 0
description!

Material derivative “translates” Lagrangian

concept to Eulerian language.
Material Derivative (Substantial or Particle)
Consider F ( x, y , z , t ) ; x  ( x, y , z )
~

• As particle moves distance d x in time dt

~
F F
dF  dt  dx i -- (1)
t xi
• If increments are associated with following a specific particle
whose velocity components are such that

dxi  ui dt -- (2)
Substitute (2) (1) and dt
dF F F
  ui -- (3)
dt t xi

DF F F
  ui
Dt t xi

Local rate of change Advective change

at a point x past x
~ ~
Pathlines, Streaklines &
Streamlines
nozzle
t0
a b c d e
nozzle
t1
a b c d

Pathlines: Line joining positions of particle “a” at successive times

Streaklines: Line joining all particles (a, b, c, d, e) at a particular
instant of time
Sreamlines: Trajectories that at an instant of time are tangent to
the
direction of flow at each and every point in the
flowfield
STREAMLINE

 A line in the fluid whose tangent is parallel tou
at a given instant t.
 The family of streamlines at time t are
solutions
dx of dy dz
    
u x (r , t ) u y (r , t ) u z (r , t )

  
ux , uy , and uz
 Where are velocity
components in the respective direction
STREAKLINE
 A streakline consists of all fluid particles
in a flow that have previously passed
through a common point. Such a line can
be produced by continuously injecting
marked fluid (smoke in air, or dye in
water) at a given location.

 For steady flow : The streamline, the

pathline, and the streakline are the same.
 STREAM-TUBE AND CONTINUITY
EQUATION

 Stream-tube

 Continuity Equation of a Steady Flow

STREAM-TUBE
 is the surface formed instantaneously by all the
streamlines that pass through a given closed
curve in the fluid.
CONTINUITY EQUATION
 If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of
conservation of mass is applied to the system, there
exists a  continuity of flow, defined as: "The mean
velocities at all cross sections having equal areas are
then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the
velocities are inversely proportional to the areas of
the respective cross sections." Thus if the flow is
constant in a reach of channel the product of the area
and velocity will be the same for any two cross
sections within that reach. Looking a the units of the
product of area (sq-m) and velocity (m/s) leads to the
definition of flow rate (m3/s). This is expressed in the
Continuity Equation:
  
CONTINUITY EQUATION OF
A STEADY FLOW
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Therefore the continuity equation of steady flow :

1 A1 u1 :The
Interpretation  2 mass
A2 u2flow rate
through a steady stream-tube or a duct.
• For incompressible fluid with m:   A u  const.
Interpretation : The volume flow rate

• 1   2 fluid :
From the continuity equation for incompressible
for a stream-tube.

A1 u1  A2 u2 V  A u  const.

u1 A2

u2 A1
VELOCITY
Velocity
Rate at which the position of a body changes with time

Velocity vector (3.1)

v  iu  jv  kw
Horizontal velocity vector (3.1)

v h  iu  jv

i,j,k= unit vectors in x-, y-, and z-directions

Scalar components of velocity (3.2)

dx dy dz
u v w
dt dt dt
VELOCITY
Wind speed
Magnitude of velocity vector

2 2 2
v  u  v w

Horizontal wind speed

2 2
vh  u  v
 ‫ﷲ ﻮﺍﻫﻲ‬
Thank You

Questions are invited

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